Обеспечение навигационной безопасности судовождения

 

Содержание

Введение

.Характеристика судна.

.1 Общие сведения.

.2 Навигационное оборудование. Подготовка технических средств навигации.

.3 Характеристика судовых устройств.

.4 Спасательные средства.

.5 Противопожарные средства защиты.

.6 Аварийное имущество по борьбе с загрязнениями.

.7 Маневренные характеристики и лоцманская карточка.

.Навигационная подготовка к переходу.

.1 Общие требования к планированию перехода.

.2 Оценка планируемого перехода.

.3 Выбор пути с учетом навигационных, гидрометеорологических условий плавания.

.3.1 Гидрометеорологические условия.

.3.2 Выбор пути на морском и прибрежном участке.

.3.3 Выбор пути на прибрежном участке.

.3.4 Плавание на участках пути с лоцманской проводкой.

.3.5 Гидрологические явления.

.3.6 Информация о портах захода.

.3.7 Предварительная прокладка.

.3.8 Естественная освещенность.

.3.9 Планирование обсерваций. Способы контроля места судна в стесненных условиях.

.3.10 Оценка навигационной безопасности.

.4 Учет маневренности судна.

.5 Подъем карт. Корректура навигационных пособий.

.6 Составление маршрутных листов.

.7 Графический план перехода.

.Управление судами и составами при особых обстоятельствах.

.1 Действия вахтенного помощника капитана при обгоне и расхождении в стесненных условиях.

.2 Маневрирование и управление судном по тревоге «Человек за бортом».

.3 Швартовые операции на судне с учетом влияния гидрометеорологических факторов.

.4 Действия вахтенного помощника в аварийных ситуациях.

.5 Организация штурманской службы при плавании в стесненных условиях.

Заключение.

Приложение.

Литература

Введение

В течение всей истории человечества океаны были очень важны людям по всему миру как средство транспортировки. В отличие от нескольких десятилетий тому назад, суда стали перевозить товары, а не людей. С момента роста интерконтинентальных перелетов, морские путешествия стали осуществляться на более короткие расстояния (паромные переправы между Балтийским и Северным морями, в Средиземноморье, в Японии и Юго-Восточной Азии), кроме того распространены морские круизы, которые в последнее время претерпели широчайший рост и представляют очень выгодный источник туристического дохода.

По мере того, как рынки все больше глобализируются, объемы судоходства растут. С 50х гг. до недавнего мирового экономического кризиса, темпы роста интерконтинентальной торговли почти в два раза превышали рост экономической деятельности в целом. С 2000 до 2008 г. мировая торговля росла в среднем на 5,4% каждый год, тогда как экономическая активность, измеренная посредством ВВП, росла примерно на 3% в год. Из-за необыкновенного роста торговли по сравнению с экономической активностью, мировая торговля с 50х гг. выросла почти в три раза, достигнув доли 45% в мировом ВВП, тогда как перевозка товаров для перерабатывающей промышленности в действительности возросла почти в 4 раза.

Что касается стоимости этих товаров, около 23% мировой торговли осуществляется между странами с общей границей. Эта доля остается относительно постоянной в последние десятилетия. Однако, между континентами, этот показатель отличается в зависимости от уровня их развития. В Европе и Северной Америке доля наивысшая - от 25 до 35%. Эта торговля осуществляется в основном посредством дорог и железных дорог. Грузы между странами без общей границы перевозятся в основном морем, хотя все большие объемы товаров перевозятся по воздуху. Темпы роста авиационных транспортировок готовых товаров превосходят морские вдвое в последние годы. Сколько груза перевозится каждым видом транспорта зависит от относительных затрат транспортировки и соотношения цены к весу товаров: чем выше стоимость на единицу веса, тем менее значительна стоимость перевозки. Пунктуальность и надежность также считаются важными для ценных грузов. Инновации в морских технологиях помогли ускорить рост морских перевозок. В следующих областях произошли самые значительные перемены:

Размер: Средний размер судов значительно вырос. Более крупные суда сокращают расходы на единицу экипажа, горючего, стоимости простоя, страховки, обслуживания и ремонта. Власти порта должны реагировать на увеличение размеров судов, расширяя инфраструктуру портов (причалы, транспорт) и улучшая доступ к порту (например, углубляя портовые каналы). Следовательно, им приходится увеличивать затраты. Это может привести владельцев - обычно государство - к финансовым трудностям: капитальные инвестиции обычно финансируются из государственного источника, но полную их стоимость нельзя передать на плечи пользователей порта.

Скорость: средняя скорость торгового судна составляет около 15 узлов (1 узел = 1 морская миля в час), или 28 км/ч, что эквивалентно 670 км в день. Более новые суда способны развивать скорость до 25 - 30 узлов (45 - 55 км/ч). Морские движители значительно улучшились с момента изобретения гребного винта, в частности - двойного гребного винта. Развитие достигло своего пика в 1970х гг. Достижение более высоких скоростей - сложная задача, и она может оказаться очень дорогой в выполнении. Эксперты прогнозируют лишь небольшие улучшения в скоростях обычных коммерческих судов.

Дизайн: Дизайн судов значительно изменился, от деревянных к стальным судам, построенным из аллюминия и композитных материалов. Инновации в дизайне были нацелены на сокращение расходов топлива и стоимости постройки судов, в то же самое время, увеличивая безопасность.

Специализация: Специализация в судостроительной отрасли произвела значительные перемены в судоходстве. Узкоспециализированные суда все чаще строятся для определенных типов груза:

· Танкеры для сырой нефти, нефтепродуктов, химикатов, сжиженного газа и концентратов соков;

· Балкера для перевозки насыпных грузов, например, руд, угля, зерна;

· Сухогрузы для крупных грузов, таких как автомобили и железо;

· Рефрижераторные суда для фруктов из Южного Полушария;

· Суда для перевозки ген.грузов;

· Контейнеровозы, которые все больше выполняют задачи судов для перевозки ген грузов на длинных маршрутах;

· Паромы, а также суда Ro-Ro. Эти два вида судов принимают на себя задачи судов для перевозки ген. грузов на коротких маршрутах.

Увеличивая скорость обработки груза, специализация сократила затраты на единицу перевезенных товаров.

Автоматизация: Различные технологии автоматизации были использованы в судостроении и судоходстве, включая саморазгружаемые системы, компьютеризированную навигацию и GPS. Автоматизация значительно сократила количество членов экипажа, необходимых на судне, и при этом увеличила безопасность. Согласно данным IHS Fairplay, общие потери на судах (в результате аварий или происшествий) снизились с 200 в середине 90х до 150 сейчас - существенное улучшение безопасности, если принять во внимание рост количества судов. Морские перевозки стремительно росли в течение многих лет. Объем груза, перевезенного морем, превысил значение в 8 млрд. тонн впервые в 2007 году. Мировое судоходство, таким образом, увеличилось вдвое с 1990 г. (при среднегодовом росте более 4%). Грузоподъемность судов также выросла практически в два раза за тот же период до 33 трлн. тонно-миль.

Мировая рецессия в 2008-2009 гг. привела к огромному падению в мировой торговле и, соответственно, в судоходстве. Вслед за небольшим ростом на 3% в 2008 году, торговля упала на 14% в 2009 году. Фрахтовые ставки упали до исторических минимумов на многих рынках. В начале 2009 года около 9% сухогрузов были не задействованы, стояли в портах, эта масса судов возвращается на рынок очень медленно вследствие небольшого восстановления в 2010 году.

Основой планирования предстоящего перехода является рейсовый план-график (voyage plan), в который включаются необходимые инструктивные указания, разъясняющие и уточняющие условия проведения предстоящего рейса.

Подготовка штурманской части к рейсу делится на два этапа:

) предварительная подготовка;

) окончательная подготовка.

На первом этапе подготовки к рейсу устанавливается: наличие навигационных карт и пособий на переход, наличие Конвенционных документов, наличие последних корректурных материалов для выполнения корректуры карт и пособий, исправность технических средств судовождения (при необходимости выполняется их ремонт с привлечением береговых специалистов), укомплектованность «Аварийной папки» и наличие «Расписания по тревогам» с выполненной корректурой (при смене экипажа), сроки переосвидетельствования спасательных плотов, огнетушителей, пенообразователя, дыхательных аппаратов, укомплектованность аварийного имущества, исправность судового оборудования и систем, обеспечивающих мореходность и живучесть судна, сроки действия судовых документов и квалификационных сертификатов экипажа и др.

На втором этапе производится изучение районов плавания, наносится на карты предварительная прокладка, а также анализируется ход выполнения мероприятий, намеченных на первом этапе подготовки к рейсу. Резолюция А.893(21) ИМО при выборе и проработке маршрута указывает на то, что на генеральной карте необходимо выполнить предварительную прокладку и произвести предварительный расчет рейса. Работу по выбору маршрута рейса заканчивают составлением на генеральной карте графического плана и расчетов на рейс. Изучение района плавания выполняется по подобранным и откорректированным по крайней мере на три дня пути картам, руководствам и пособиям с учетом требований хорошей морской практики. Протяженность изучаемой за один раз части маршрута следует разумно ограничить. При изучении района плавания капитан на генеральной карте наносит маршрут следования, перенести который на путевые и частные карты поручает одному из помощников (обычно это обязанность навигационного помощника).

После утверждения графического плана выполняют предварительную прокладку на путевых картах и уточняют предварительные расчеты на Рейс.

В соответствии с предварительной прокладкой на генеральной карте подбирают по "Каталогу карт и книг" необходимые для рейса карты и руководства для плавания. При подборе карт и руководств учитывают возможность изменения маршрута, заходов в порты и пункты, не предусмотренные планом, укрытия от шторма или вынужденного захода для устранения неисправностей и другие факторы, могущие повлиять на выполнение рейса. Тщательное выполнение предварительной прокладки во многих случаях определяет качество постоянного контроля за текущим местом судна на переходе.

Современные морские суда могут осуществлять плавание в довольно сложных погодных условиях. Тем не менее, капитаны иногда вынуждены для обеспечения безопасности плавания и сохранной перевозки грузов менять курс, скорость хода судна, следовать в обход опасной зоны или дрейфовать. При выборе пути перехода капитан должен помнить, что маршрут следования должен быть кратчайшим по времени, а не по расстоянию. Эффективность плавания судов в значительной мере зависит от выбора пути с благоприятными гидрометеорологическими условиями. Наиболее часто за определяющий показатель эффективности выбирают минимальную продолжительность рейса, при котором обеспечивается безопасность плавания. В этом случае плавание осуществляется по так называемому наивыгоднейшему пути.

В судовождении применяют два основных приема выбора оптимального пути:

) использование специальных гидрометеорологических пособий, в которых даны сезонные рекомендованные пути;

) определение пути плавания капитаном на основании гидрометеорологической информации, поступающей на судно. При определении оптимального пути необходимо на основании гидрометеорологической информации, передаваемой на судно, выбрать путь следования.

Капитану при выборе оптимального пути приходится рассматривать два наиболее характерных случая:

) судно совершает плавание по рекомендованному сезонному пути. В этом случае маршрут будет с удлинением пути, на котором наблюдаются наиболее благоприятные условия погоды;

)судно следует при общей благоприятной гидрометеорологической обстановке кратчайшим путем по дуге большого круга.

Плавание судна по оптимальному пути по рекомендациям Прогностических центров некоторыми компаниями широко используется.

.Характеристика судна

1.1Общие сведения

Тип, название и позывной сигнал суднаBulk carrier, mv « js Amazon» 9V9878Год и место постройкиBV I+Hull+Mach, Bulk Carrier CSR BC-A ESP ,2012, ChinaПорт припискиSingaporeДлина наибольшая L (м)199.99Длина между перпендикулярами L?? (?)193,74?????? ?????????? ? (?)32?????? ?????????? ????? ? ?????? ? ?????? ????? ???? ? ??????????? ?? ?????? ???????? ? ???????????? ? ????????????? ???????? ??????TF - 13.09 m ????????? ???? - 4.6 m F - 13.6 m ????????? ???? - 4.9 m T - 13.6 m ????????? ???? - 4.9 m S - 13.3 m ????????? ???? - 5.2 m W - 13.0 m ????????? ???? - 5.5 m?????? ? (?) ? ?????? ?????, ???????? ? ??? ??????????? ???????? ?????????????, ????? ? ???????? - 12,1 ?; ?? - 13,5 ? - ? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ???????? ????? ?? - 7,6 ?; ?? - 9,4 ? - ??? ??????????? ???????? ?????????????????????????? (?): ? ?????? ????? ? ???????? ?? 63301 21224?????? ???????????????? ?w (?)75434??? ? ???????? ??????? ?????????????? ?????????MAN B&W 5S60ME-C8-T2 M.C.R. -8300 KW x 91.0 rpm C.S.R.- 6640 KW x 84.5 rpm???????????????? ???????? ? ????? ? ? ????????12 ??? - ? ????? 13.5 ??? - ? ??????????? ???? ? ??????? ??? ????. ??? ? ???????? ??????? ????????? ???? - ???????????????, S- 19,1 ?2 ??? ??????? ?????? - Electro-Hydraulic, Rotary Vare, ROZ-130212; ???????? - 2?40 ?????????21 ???????

.1.

1.2 ????????????? ????????????

??????? 1.2.1. ??????????? ???????? ?????????

??????, ??????????, ?????.???-????? ???????????? ?????????12345????????????- ????????????? ????????? ??????Lilley Gillie12012????????????? ????????????????Sperry MK-3712012?????? 5, ??????????-??? ???????????????????? ???????, ?\?Furuno FAR 283712012??????? ?????????????????????? ???????, ?/?Furuno FAR 282712012??????? ????????????Furuno FE-70012012??????? ?????????Furuno DS-8012012??????? ?????????????????Sperry MGF12012??????? ???????? ???Furuno GP-15012012??????? ???????? ???Furuno GP-32 JRC-7700 MKII12012??????? ?????? ?????????????? ????????????????? ???????FURUNO FA-10012012??????? ????????????????? ????????????? ?????TRANSAS, Navi Sailor 300012012??????? ????????????? 1.1 - ????? ???????????? ??????????? ??????? ????????? ?? ??????? ??????? ?/? «js Amazon»

??????? 1.2 - ????? ??????? ???????? ? ??????? ??? ?????????????

??????? ???? 176? - 184? 235? - 210?

?? ????: 118 ? 156 ?

?? ?????: 23 ? ???. 31 ?, ????. 134 ?

??????? 1.6 - ??????? ?????????? ???????? ? ???????? ????????????? ??? ?????????? ??????? (Lilley Gillie) ?/? «js Amazon» ( ? ????????)

??°??°°??°°0?0,0120-0,5240?+1,015?+1,2135-1,1255?-0,530?+2,2150-1,1270?-1,945?+2,6165-1,2285?-2,060?+2,6180-1,2300?-2,375?+2,4195-0,6315?-1,390?+1,5210+1,1330?-1.1105?+0,9225+1,5345?-0,6

????????????: ?=+0,4°; ?=-0,7°; ?=+0,6°; ?=+0,42°; ?=+0,82°

???????? M.Jefrry

12.09.2013 ???? ?????

??????? 2.6 - ?????????? ?????????????? ??????????? ??????? ?????????

???, ????? ???????????????????? ????????????? ???????????????? ?????????????? ??????????? ??????????????? ????????? ?????????12345???????????????? ??????? «Furuno FAR 2837»??. ????? ??????????? 8 - 64 ?1,0? 1 % ?? ?D = 1?????????? «Sperry MK-37»?????? 0.2°????????? ?????? « Lilley Gillie »?????? ????? 0,5°?????? « Furuno FE-700 » 0,3 ???? « Furuno DS-80»0 5 ??.

????? 5 ??.???????? ???????? 0,1 ??

0,3 ??----C?? GPS « GP-32 »???????? ???????? -????????, ?????????? ???????????? ?????????????? ?? ???????? ?? ???????????± 8 ? ??? ±15 ? ? 95 % (? DGPS ± 3 ?) ± 0,1 ?? ±1°----C?? GPS «DGPS, FURUNO, GP-150»???????? ???????? -????????, ?????????? ???????????? ?????????????? ?? ???????? ?? ???????????± 10 ? ??? ±15 ? ? 95 % (? DGPS ± 5 ?) ± 0,2 ?? ± 1° - ± 3°----??????? «Cassens & Plath»???? ????????????????? ????± 9 ??? ±0,5÷1,0' ( ?? ????? ????????)? =? g=1.86 H D??? g=0.54?2/? D- ????????? ?-?????? ?????????????????- ??????? «ROBERT E WHITE»??????????? ????????±1,5 ?????????

1.3 ?????????????? ??????? ?????????

??????? ??????????:

?????? ????? ???? ? ?? ????? - 78 ??; 12 ?????? ?? 27,5 ??????

??? ????? - 10,6 ?

???????? ????????? ???????? - 450 ???

??? ????????? ????????? - ???????? ???, ???????? ??????.

???????? ????????? ?????? ? ???? ?????? - 3 ?/???.

?????? ? ??????? ??????????? ??? ?????????? ?? ????? ? ??? ??? ???????.

? ?????????? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ?????????? ?????? ???? ???????????? ???????????????. ?????????? ?????????????? ????????, ??? ???? ?? ?? ??????? ? ??????? ?????????? ?? ??? ? ???????? ????????, ????? ????? ???????? ? ?????? ? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ??????????.

?????????? ? ?????? ????? ?????????? ? ????????? ???????:

??????? ? ?????? ???????????? ????? ???????? ???????? ?????????? ?? ??? ????????????;

?????????? ? ???, ??? ???????? ????????, ? ????????? ??????? ??????? ??????, ????????? ?????? ???????? ?????????;

???????? ?????? ???????, ????? ????????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ???? ??????? ?????;

??????? ????-???? ? ??????? ?????? ? ??????????? ????? ? ?????? ? ?????? ?????;

?????? ?????? ??????? (???? ??? ???? ????????), ???????? ???????? ??????? ??? ????????? ???? ? ???????? ? ????????? ?????? ? ?????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????????;

????????? ?????????? ????? ? ??????????? ????????? ? ?????? ????? ? ????????? ????????? ??????? ????.

?????????? ?????????? ????? ? ?????? ??????? ?? ??????? ????? ??????? ???????. ???? ????? ????? ?????????? ?? ??????? ?? 30 ?, ?? ?????? ?????????????? ???, ??? ????????? ???????? ????? ? ????? ?? ????????? ?????????????? ??? ???????? ? ????? ??? ??????, ????? ???? ???????? ????????? ??????, ????????? ????????? ? ??????????? ?? ?????? ? ?????????? ????? ? ??????. ?? ????? ? ?????????????? ?????? ??????? ??????????? ??????? ??????????? ???????? ????? ?? ???? ????????? ?? ????????? ??????????? ????????????????? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ?????.

???? ????? ????? ?????????? ?? ??????? ??????? ??? ? ?????? ? ?????????? ???????, ???????? ?? ???????????, ??? ??? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ????????????? ????????????? ?????????.

?????? ????? ???????????? ???????? ??? ???????????? ????????? ????????. ? ????? ??????? ??????? ????? ???????? ????? ????? ????? ??? ?? ??????? ? ????????????? ???????. ? ??????? ???????? ???????: «? ??????? (??????) ????? ??????!» ????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???. ????? ?????, ??????? ???????, ???????? ???????? ?????, ? ??????? ???????? ???????: «?????? ?????? (?????) ?????!» ?????? ????? ??? ????????? ???????? ????? ????? ????????? ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?, ????? ????, ????????????? ????? ??????? ???? ?? ????? ? ????? - ?? ??????? ????. ??????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?? ??????? ????? ??????? ???????.

??? ?????? ????? ?? ??????? ?? 30 ? ???????? ????????? ??????, ? ??????? ???? ???????? ?????????. ??????? ???? ??????? ??????? ? ????????? ?????????, ????? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ??????????? ? ??? ??????, ????? ????? ???????? ??????.

??? ??????? ???????????? ??????? ???? ????? ?????????? ?? ????? ? ?????????? ?????? ??? ???. ? ?????? ???????, ????????? ??????, ?????, ??????? ? ?????? ????????????? ? ??????? ?????????, ??????? ?????? ??????? ???? ?????? ???? ????????? ? ???? ??? ????????? ?? ????????.

??????????? ?????????? ?????? ???????????? ????????, ?? ???? ????????? ????. ? ?????????? ???????????? ? ???? ?????? ??????????? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ??????????????? ??????????? ?????? ? ???????. ????? ????? ?????????? ?????????? ?????????? ?????? ? ????? ????? ???????????? ?? ????? («?????? ?? ??????? ????»), ???????? ????????? ??????.

?????? ????? ?? ??????? ???????? ?????????? ?? ????????? ???, ??? ????? ??????????? ?? ?????? ?????????. ????? ????? ???????? ????????? ??????, ????????? ???????? ? ?????????? ????????????? ???????????? ?????????? ?????? ???? ?????????? ????????? ????????.

?????? ????? ?? ????? ? ?????????? ??????? ???????????, ??? ??? ??? ???? ????? ? ??????? ????? ????????? ????? ????????, ??? ??????? ?????? ??????????? ?? ??????, ? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????????? ? ?????? ?????????????. ???? ?? ??? ? ??????? ???????, ?? ??????? ???? ?????? ???????????? ?? ?????????, ??? ????? ???????? ? ?????? ???? ? ??????????? ????? ?????????.

??????? ???? ?????? ??????????? ? ?????? ??????????? ?????????????? ????? ?? ????????? ????????, ??? ??? ??? ???? ???????? ????????????? ???? ?, ????? ????, ?????, ??????????? ?? ?????????, ?????????? ?????????? ??????????, ??? ????? ???????? ? ?? ???????. ????????????? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ????????? ?????????????? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ????????? ? ???????? ??????. ??? ???????? ? ?????? ????????????? ????? ?????? ?????, ??????????? ?????? ? ???????????? ?? ?????. ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????????? ????? ?????????? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ???????????. ???? ?? ?????, ???? ????????? ?????? ???, ? ????? ???????? ??????? ???? ? ????????? ???????.

??? ????????? ????? ??????? ??????????? ??????????:

????????? ? ?????????? ????? ?? ????? ???????? ???????;

???? ? ? ?????? ?????, ? ????? ? ?????????? ???????? ??????? ??? ???????? ?????;

??????? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ?? ????????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ?????????? ? ????????? ????????? ????. ??? ???????? ???? ?????? ???????? ?????????? ?????? ???? ?????????? ?????????????? ??? ?????????? ?????????????;

??????? ? ????????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ???? ????-??????? ?????? ???????? ????? ???????? ??????????; ???????? ????? ? ??????? ??????? ???????, ???????, ????? ???? (???????) ????????? ? ???????? ???????????? ? ??????? ? ????????????? ???????? ??? ????. ???????? (????????) ?????? ??????, ?? ?????? ??????????? ? ?????? (?? ?????? ???) .???????? ?????????. ??????????? ???????????? ?? ???????? ???????? ???? ??? ??????? ????? ? ???????????? ????????? ???????? ?????? ????????;

??????? ????? ?? ?????? (?? ??????, ????? ? ?????? ?????????) ?????? ????????????? ?????? ? ???????. ??????????? ???????? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ?????. ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ??????? ????? ??????? ???? ?????? ???? ?????????? ???????? ??????, ?????????. ????? ??????? ????? ???? ???????? (?????) ??????????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????, ?????????? ?? ??????;

??????? ??????? ???? ? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ?????, ??????? ?????? ????? ?? ?????????? ?? ?????-1 ? ?? ??????? ????.

?????????? ??????????.

?????????? ????? ?????? 205 ??????, ????????????????. ?????????? 18 ????

??? ?????????? ??????? ????????????????????? - MW 150 EA(2m1d+1w1c) ? ?????????? 5 ????.

?????????? ?????????? ?????? ??? ????????? ????? ? ???????, ????? ??????? ?????, ???????? ??????, ?????, ? ????? ????????? ????? ????????. ? ?????? ??????????? ?????????? ?????? :

?????????? ????? ;

??????;

?????????? ????? ? ???????????? ???????;

??????? ?????? (? ????????? ? ??? ???);

?????? ? ???????;

?????????? ????????? (??????? ????????, ?????, ???????);

??????????????? ?????????????? (???????, ??????, ?????, ???????????? ?????).

?????????? ????? (??????). ? ???????? ?????????? ?????? ???????????? ????????????, ???????? ? ????????????? ?????. ???????? ????? ??????????? ??? ????, ??? ??? ??? ????? ???????????? ???????????? ????????, ??????? ??????? ?????????? ?????? ??? ???????? ? ????? ????? ?? ??????.

?????? ???????? ??????? ?? ?????? ???????, ????????????? ????????, ??????????? ??????? ? ???? ????????. ?? ??????????????? ????? ????????????? ?????????? ?????? ? ????????.

??????? ??????????????? ???????? ????????, ????????????? ?? ????????????? ??????. ??? ????? ???????????? ?? ???????? ? ???????????? ?????????, ???????? ??????? ?????????, ??????? ??????????? ??? ???????????? ?????? ????????????. ?? ??????????? ???????????? ????????????? ?????, ?? ????????? ??????????????? ????????? ? ?? ??????? ????????????.

????? ???????????? ????????????? ???????? ????????????? ?????? ????????? ????? ??????????? ??????????????? ????????????? ?????. ?? ????????? ????????, ??? ???????? ????????, ?? ??? ?????, ??????? ???? ?? ?????, ????????????? ?? ?????????????? ????? ? ???? ??? ?????????? «???????».

??? ?????????????? ??????????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ?? ???? 1 ???? ? 6 ??????? ???????????? ??????????? ???????. ?????? ????? ?????????? ??????????? ????? ??????? ?? ????????? ? ????????????? ????????.

?????? ???????????? ????? ?????? ???????? ??? ???????? ?????, ????????????? ?? ????????? ?????????? ???? ?? ?????, ?? ??????? ????? ?????????. ????? ???????????? ???????, ? ????????? ???????, ???????? ?? ???????????? ?????, ??????????? ????????? ??????, ??????? ????? ???? ??? ???????, ??? ? ?????????.

?????????? ????? ?? ??????? ?????????? ?????????? ???? ?????? ? ???? ????????? ????? ???????, ????? ??????? ????? ????? ????????? ??????. ?????? ??????????? ??? - ??? ?????? ????????? ? ?????? ? ?????????????? ??????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?? 10. ????? ?? ??????????? ??????????????? ?????, ?? ???? ??????????? ???????. ??? ????????? ??????? ????????, ????????? ?? ?????, ?????? ???? ????????? ?????.

?????. ??? ???????? ????????? ? ????? ?? ????? ? ?????????? ?????? ?????????? ???? - ??????? ??? ???????? ?????????, ??????????? ????? ????? ? ???????? ????????????? ?????? . ??? ???????? ????????? ? ?????????????? ??????? ?????? ????????????? ????????????? ?????????? ?????. ????? ????? ???????????? ???? ?? ???????????. ?? ?????, ????????? ?? ?????????? ??????, ??? ???????? ????? ????? ????? ?????????????? ? ??????? ????????? ???????, ??????????? ????????????? ????????? ?????, ??????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ???????????, ??? ? ?????????, ? ????? ??????????????? ??? ?????? ?? ?????????? ???????? ????????.

??????? ??????. ??????? ?????? ????????????? ??? ????????? ??????????? ????????. ?? ??????????? ??????????? ????? ????????????? ??????? ?????? ?? ???????? ??????? ????-???? ????????. ??????? ?????? ??? ???????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ?? ????????? ????? ??? ????? ???????? ??????????? ?????.

??????? ????????? ????? ?????? ? ??????? ??????, ??????????? ??? ?? ?????????. ???????? (????????) ??????? ????????????? ????? ??????????? ?????????, ??? ????????????? ??????? ???????? ?? ????????.

?????????????? ?????????? ??????? ????? ??????????????? ??? ?????? ? ????????? ? ???????? ??????????. ??????? ????????? ????????? ?? ???????? ???????, ?? ????????? ??? ??????????????? ?????????? ????? ??????? ? ???????? ?? ?????? ????? ???????????. ??????? ????????????? ??????????? ?????, ??????? ??????? ?????, ??? ???????????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ???? ??? ????????? ????????? ????? ???????????? ??????? ? ???????? ???????? ????????, ?? ????? ??????? ??? ??????.

?????????? ?????????? ?????? ??????????? ? ????????? ?????????, ?????????????? ??? ?????????? ?????????? ? ????????. ??????, ?????????? ?????, ??????? ??????, ???????????? ??????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????????? ???????? ??? ?????????????? ???????????????? ?????? ??????. ??????, ??????? ? ?????? ????????? ???????? ?????? ????? ?????????, ???? ?????? ????????? ? ???????. ?????? ? ???????? ???????, ???????-???? ?????? ???? ????????.

??? ??????? ?????????????? ?????????? ??????? ? ?????????? ?????????? ?????? ??????? ???????????? ????????????? ?????? ?????? ? ????????? ????????? ???????? ?????.

??? ?????, ?????, ??????, ????, ???????????? ???? ???? ???????????? ???????????, ????????????? ?????? - ??????? ? ?????????.

??? ??????? ????? ?? ????????? ?????????? ????????? ?????????:

- ??????????? ????????? ???????? ?????????? ????? ?? ????????? ????????? ???? ?? ???????? ?????, ??? ??? ??? ????????? ??? ?????? ????????? ???? ?????????? ????? ???? ???????;

? ?????? ? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ???? ????????????? ? ???????? ?????????? ?????? ????????? ???????????? ????? ???? ????? ?? ????????????? ??????????;

?? ????? ???????? ? ???????? ?????????? ?????????, ????? ??? ???????? ???? ????????? ????????, ?? ????? ???????? ??????? ??? ?? ???? ??????? ??????. ???????? ??????????? ???? ??????? ?? ?????????? ? ??????, ??? ????? ????? ????????? ?????? ????;

?? ????? ???????? ????? ??? ??????? ????????, ??????? ?????????? ?????????? ??????????, ?????? ???? ?????????? ????????. ??? ??????? ???? ???????? ?????? ????? ????????? ??????? ? ????? ?????????? ?? ????????????? ??? ???????????? ?????;

?? ????? ????? ???????? ? ?????? ?? ???????????? ?????? ?????????? ???????????? ????????????, ??? ???, ???????, ??? ????????????? ?? 10 - 12 % ? ????? ???????.

???????? ?????????? ???? ???????? ??????, ???? ? ????? ????? ?? ??? ?????, ?????? ?????? ?????????, ????? ??????? ???????? ?????????? 10% ? ????? ?????? ????? ????????, ? ????? ??? ?????????? ?????????? ?????. ???????????? ???? ???????? ?????? ??? ??????? ???????, ????????, ???????????? ?????? ??? ??????????. ????????????? ?????? ???????? ??????, ???? ?????????? ??????? ? ??????????? ? ???? ???????? ????? ?????????? 15 % ? ????? ????? ????? ? ??????.

??????? ??????????

??? ??????? ??????:hydraulic Rotary Vare, ROZ-130212 Mitsui Engineering & Shipbuilding Co Ltd Chiba Works , ????????????????????? ? ???????? ??????????, ??????? ???????????? ?????????????? (???????????), ????????, ??????? ????????????? ? ?????? ??????????.

???????? ??????? ??????: 2 ? 40 ???.

??? ???? - ???????????????. ??????? ???? S- 19,1 ?2.

??????? ?????????? ????????????? ??? ????????? ????? ?? ?????, ?????????? ??????.

? ?????? ???????? ?????????? ?????? ???? ? ???? ????.

???? ??????? ?? ???? ? ???????.

??????? ?????????? ??????? ??:

???? ????;

????????;

??????;

?????? ?????????;

??????? ?????????;

??????? ?????????;

????????? ??? ??????? ??????;

??????? ??????;

????????????? ?????.

???? ???? - ??? ??????? ???, ????, ??????????? ?????????? ??? ? ??????????? ?????????????? ???????, ??????? ???????? ? ??????? ????? ?????????? 1/40 - 1/60 ??????? ??????????? ????? ?? (????????????? ???????).

?????????? ??????? ???? ???? ????????? ???????? ??????????, ??????????????? ????????? ???? ??????.

?????? ???? ???? ?????????? ???????? - ????????? ???????????? ????????, ? ???????? ?????? ?????????????? ????? ???? ????.

?????? ? ?????????? ???????? (??? ??????????) ????? ??? ??????????? ???? ?? ?????????.

?????? - ??? ????????, ??? ?????? ???????? ???????????? ???? ????.

?????? ????? ??????? ????? ?????? ????????????? ????? ? ????????????? ????? - ???????, ???????? ??? ?????????? ??????? ? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ??????. ??? ????????? ?????????? ??????? ? ????? ???? ?????????? ??? ????? ???? ??? ???????. ?????? ?????? ?????????? ????????? ???????? ??? ???????? ??????????.

?????? ???? ?????? ? ???????? ?????? ??????? ????? ????????????? ????? ? ?????????????? ??????????? ??????? ???????????, ????????????? ?? ????? ?? ???????? ??? ?????.

??????? ????? ??????? ???????? ????? ?????? ????????? ? ??????????? ? ????????.

???????? ??????????

EQUIPMENT

Wherein specific reference may be made to company or product types by name, EMS-TECH Inc. reserves the right to substitute alternate brand equipment of equal or better quality, subject to Owners approval. A makers list showing alternatives shall be provided.equipment will be designed in accordance with applicable rules and regulations of the appointed regulatory body.and sizes, as noted within the accompanying specification, are estimates based upon information available to EMS-TECH Inc. at the quotation stage. As such, they are subject to review and possible revision during normal processing of the order.of idlers and guide rolls, actually required and supplied for specific conveyors, may vary slightly from estimates, which may appear in accompanying specification.selections, sizes and quantities will duly appear on formal arrangement drawings and parts lists prepared and issued for the specific order.machinery bolts, nuts and washers required for interconnection of EMS-TECH Inc. supplied equipment will be stainless steel type.equipment of EMS-TECH Inc. manufacture will receive, prior to shipping, one 50 micron (dry film thickness) coat, Compatible Holding primer, one 100 micron (dry film thickness) Intershield 300 - Bronze (ENA300/A) modified epoxy intermediate coat, one 100 micron (dry film thickness) Intershield 300 - Aluminum (ENA301/A) second modified epoxy intermediate coat, and one 50 micron (dry film thickness) Interthane 990 - Surf Grey epoxy finish coat. Equipment supplied, but not manufactured by EMS-TECH Inc., such as motors, junction boxes, switches, and couplings will be supplied with manufacturers standard paint system. In the case of large motors, gear reducers, take-up cylinders and the like, these will be furnished with a marine grade coating system.should be Marine standard for any equipment located on exposed decks or within tunnel/loop spaces.

Pillow block bearings of size equal to or less than 75 mm in diameter shall be self-aligning type deep groove ball bearing units with set screw locking arrangement and shielded contact seals.

Pillow block bearings of size greater than 75 mm in diameter shall be selfaligning double row spherical roller type with tapered adapter sleeves.are mounted in split type cast iron housings, which incorporate triple ring labyrinth type seals at shaft entry points. For each terminal, one bearing will be furnished floating" type with opposite unit supplied as fixed type.conveyor belting, unless otherwise noted, will be rubber cover RMA-2 multiple ply nylon or nylon/polyester carcass construction as recommended by the manufacturer for the service encountered.conveyor belting will comply with CEMA standard or a CEMA equivalent Chinese standard where applicableCLEANERS

Belt cleaners will be provided at all discharge and transfer points. The cleaners will be ASGCO type primary and secondary cleaners with dual twist tensioners.

Return belt plows will be supplied on all conveyors

CHUTEWORK/SKIRTBOARDS

All transfer points will be equipped with chutes and skirtboards fabricated from 10 mm thick steel plate.

Chutes will be fitted with ceramic type liners at points of wear.

Hand lever controlled adjustable type deflector plates will be fitted in material transfer chutes as required. Deflector plates will be fitted with ceramic liners at points of wear

Conveyor skirts will be lined with Hardox 500 or equal removable type abrasion resistant plate and fitted with adjustable rubber blades for sealing against the belt surface.

All chutes will be hot dip galvanized where size permits. As a result, the loading chute on the boom and discharge chute on the boom may have to be painted.IDLERS:

All conveyor idlers shall be 20÷ or 35÷ as required. Idlers will be ball bearing equipped, sealed for life type.

Rolls and frames will be shipped separately and will have to be assembled at the Shipyard.

Tunnel idlers will be fixed frame cradle type.

All idler frames and brackets will be hot dip galvanized.

All steel rolls will be hot dip galvanized.

Yeloroll idler rolls are to be utilized where suitable. GRP is to be considered where PVC is not considered strong enough.

All flexible couplings will be tapered grid or crown tooth gear type.

Safety guards will be furnished for mounting over each coupling.

GEAR REDUCERS

All base mounted reducers will be parallel shaft helical gear or right angle spiral bevel helical gear type units. Service factor 1.50 min. mechanical on connected horsepower and 1.00 min. thermal on connected horsepower, 40÷ C operational ambient. Gears are surface hardened type, ground or lapped.are made of cast iron or steel and contain horizontal split where practical for easy disassembly.

Units are provided with dipsticks, ventilators, drain plugs, top inspection panels and backstops as or where required.

Where necessary all reducers will be supplied with a fabricated steel heavyduty baseplate of adequate size to support associated couplings, guards and motor assemblies.

Units for the Boom conveyor and C Loop elevator will be fitted with externally mounted over-running type backstops. Back stop will be sized to resist load associated with the C Loop elevator filled to capacity.

Electrically driven lubrication pumps are to be avoided.

Spare solid shaft style reducers will be furnished with double extended shafts to allow them to be used as either a right or left hand assembly.

Each hydraulic system will be designed and sized to suit specific operating requirements related to the unloading system.

Hydraulic systems will include cylinders, power units, accumulators with charging kits, valves and control switches as further described in detail portion of specification.

Hydraulic fittings at EMS-TECH Inc./Shipyard interface points to be NPT, SAE straight thread trapped O ring type or SAE four bolt flange type. In the case of SAE four bolt flange type connections, EMS-TECH Inc. will furnish Yard side mating flanges. Favoured system is SAE straight thread trapped O ring style.below deck will be brass or stainless steel type. Above deck fittings will be brass or stainless steel type depending upon system pressure requirements.related to the boom luffing and slewing systems, will be stainless steel type.

All pulleys will be welded steel construction, heavy-duty type, with taper lock hub assemblies. Pulleys will be straight faced type having width dimension 150 mm greater than belt width unless noted otherwise.

All drive pulleys will be key seated both ends unless engineered keyless tapered compression hubs are utilized. All others will be plain bore. Drive pulleys will be lagged with 12 mm thick vulcanized diamond grooved rubber.in contact with the carrying side of the belt will be plain rubber lagged to a thickness of 19 mm. All rubber lagging will have a Shore 'A' Durometer hardness of 65.

Pulley shafting will be machined from SAE-1045 carbon steel stock with ends turned to suit bearings with keyways cut as required for pulley hubs and couplings.

All pulleys to be balanced. Boom head pulley to be tested at normal running speed. Balancing reports to be provided.

All pulley shell and shaft material is to be 100% traceable and accompanied by verifiable Mill Certificates. Reporting to include non destructive test results.AC induction motors will be rated for 440 volt, 3 phase, 60 Hz service with following features:

Continuous duty service at ambient temperature of 40° C,

NEMA B starting torque,

service factor of 1.0 minimum,

Class F insulation,

Class B temperature rise,

Totally enclosed fan cooled construction,

marine type,

220V AC single phase space heaters on motors greater than 20 kW,

nominal speed 1800 RPM,

supplied with junction boxes

RTD temperature device for conveyor drive motors.80 kW or greater to be started by reduced voltage or VFD means., C Loop and Boom drive motors are to inverter duty type., C Loop and Boom Conveyor drive motors will incorporate top mounted junction boxes.

Number and size of cable penetrations are to be confirmed with Shipyard.

1.4 ???????????? ????????

???????????? ???????????? ? ??????????????? ??????? ?? ????? ???????? Fire Plan.

???????????? ???? - ??? ???????? ???? ????????????? ????? ? ??????? ? ????????????? ? ???? ? ??????? ?????? ???????????? ??????.

???????????? ????? ?? ????? ???? ????????? ??? ?????????????? ?? ?????????, ????????? ??????? ??? ?????? ????????? ?????????. ?????? ????? ??????????????? ?? ??????????? ???????????, ????????? ??? ??????? ?????????????? ??????????? ?????????, ?? ???????????? ????.

???????????? ???? ??????:

????? ???????? ??????? ?? ????? 800 ?? ? ?????????? ?? ????? 400 ??;

????? ???????????? ????, ?????????? ?? ????????? ????????? ????? ? ???????????? ? ??????? ?????????????? ???? ?? ????? ??????, ??????? ?????? ?????????? ?????;

????? ??????? ?????? ?? ?????????????????? ?????????;

????? ????? ?? ????? 2,5 ??.

?? ????? ?????? ????? ? ??????? ????? ?????? ????? ???????????? ???? ?????? ?? ????? 30 ?.

% ???????????? ??????, ?? ?? ????? ?????, ?????? ???? ???????? ????????????????? ?????? ? ?????????? ??????????????, ?????????????? ??????? ?? ????? 2 ?????.

????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ??? ???? ???????????? ? ???????? ?? ????? 70 ?????????? ? ??????.

?? ????? ???? ??????, ?? ????? ????????????? ????????????????? ??????, ?????? ???? ???????? ????????????? ???????????? ???????? ??????? ? ?????????????????? ???????? ?? ????? 15 ????? ? ????? ??????????? ?????? ???????????? ? ???????? ???????. ??? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ???????????? ?????.

??????? ????? ???? ??? ?????????? ?????, ?????? ??????? ???? ? ????????? ?? ?????? ????????? ?????????? ????. ??????, ???????????????? ????? ? ????? ????????? ? ????? ???????.

????? ???????????? ???????????? ?????? ???????? ??? ????, ????? ????? ??????????? ??????? ?????? ????????, ???????????? ? ????, ??? ????????? ???????????????:

???? ??????? ???? ?? ???? ? ????? ???????? ?? ?????, ?? ???????? ???????????? ???????? ?????? ????? ?? ???????????? ?????, ??? ?? ???????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ?????????? ???????????? ????????;

???? ??????? ???? ?? ???? ??????????? ?????, ?? ???????? ??? ???? ? ????? ???????????? - ???? ????? ?????? ? ??????. ? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ?? ?????????? ?????? ???????: ???? - ? ???????????????? ??????? ??????, ????? - ? ???????????????? ?????.

?? ????? ????? ????? ??????????????? ???????????? ????? ??? ??????????????? ????????????, ???? ??????????? ????????????????? ??????? ????????????.

????? ?????????????? ????? ???????, ????? ???? ??????????????? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ? ?? ??????????? ?? ???? ?????????????? ?? ????? ???????? ???????. ?? ??????? ????, ???? ???????????? ???? ?????? ??????????? ?????? ????? ?????.

????????? ????? ?????? ????? ???????, ????? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ????????, ? ?? ?????? ????????? ??????? ?????-???? ???????. ?? ?????? ???????????? ????? ?????? ???? ???????? ????????? ??????? ?????????? ???????? ???????? ????? ? ???? ????????.

???????????? ??????

???????????? ????? - ??? ???????? ??? ??????????? ???????? ?? ??????????? ????. ??? ??????? ???????????? ?? ????? ???????? ?????? ???? ???????????? ???????????? ?????.

???????????? ?????? ????????????? ????? ???? ????????? ??? ? "????????" ??????????, ??????????????? ??????????.

??????????? ????????????? ?????? ?????? ????????????:

???????? ????????, ???????????? ? ??????????????? ?????????, ? ??? ????????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ??? ?? 5 ??????;

??????????? ???????? ? ????? ?????????, ????? ???? ???? ????????? ????? ?? ????? ??? ?? 20°, ? ??? ????????? ?? ?????? ?? ????? 12 ?? ??? ??????? ????.

??? ?????? ? ???? ? ?????? 4,5 ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ????????? ???????????.

???????? ???????????? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ???? ??????????? ?????, ?????????? ????? ??????????? ? ???????????, ????? ? ?????? ??????????? ????? ?? ??? ????? ??????? ???? ????????????? ???????????.

??????? ????????? ????????? ???????? ????? ??? ?????????????, ??? ? ??????? ?? ???????? ???????. ????? ????, ??? ??????????????? ??????????? ???????? ?????? ????.

?????? ? ???? ? ?????? ???????? ?????? ??????. ??? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ???????????? (?? ?????????).

????? ? ???????? ?????????? ?????????? ??? ????? ? ???? ????? ??????? ?????????????, ??????? ??? ?????????????? ???????? ????????????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?? ????????? ???????? ??????????.

??????? ? ???? ? ??????? ?????? ? ???????? ?????????? ?????????? ? ?????? ????? 4,5 ? ?? ?????????????. ??????, ???? ????????? ?????????? ??????? ? ??????? ??????, ?? ??????? ???????? ????? ????? ??? ????????? ?? ????, ? ????? ????? ? ????. ? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ????, ?? ??????? ?? ?????.

?????? ???????????? ????? ?????? ???? ??????? ????? ?????????? ????? ? ????????.

????????? ??????????? ???? ???????? ???????? ????? ?? ?????????? ??????? ?????. ?????????? ?????????? ????????????????? ??????? ????? ????????? ? ?????? ???? ??????????, ??????? ??? ?????????????? ???????????????? ????????????? ???????, ????????? ??? ?????? ???? ??????? ???????. ?????? ????????????? ?????? ???????, ? ??? ??????? ?????? ?????? ? ???????????? ???????.

?? ????? ?????? ???? ??????????? ?????????? ???????????? ??????? ??? ?????????? ?????????, ? ????? ??? ????????????? ? ????????? ?????? ???????????? ???????????? ?????? ? ??????. ???????????? ??????, ??????????????? ??? ?????????, ?????? ????????? ?? ???????, ?? ????? ?????????? ?????????? ? ? ????? ?????? ?????, ??? ??????? ?????.

???????????? ? ???????? ???????

???????????????? - ?????? ?? ?????????????????? ????????? ??? ????????????? ???????? ?? ?????????????? ? ???????? ????.

??? ??????? ???????????? ?? ????? ???????? ?????? ???? ???????????? ????????????????.

???????????? ?????? ????????????? ????????? ???????????:

????? ???? ??????? ??? ?????????????? ?????? ?????? ? ??????? ?? ????? 2 ????? ?????? ? ??????? ? ???????????? ???????, ???? ??????????? ??????? ??????? ??????;

??????????? ???? ???????? ?? ?????? ?????????? ????? ??? ?? 2°? ? ??????? 6 ????? ??? ??????????? ???? 0 - 2°?;

?? ??????????? ??????? ? ?? ????????, ???? ??? ??????? ???????? ????????;

??????? ??????????, ?????????????? ?????? ? ?????? 4,5 ??????;

??????????? ??????? ??????????? ??? ?????? ???????????? ???????, ??? ??????? ?? ????????????? ????? ?? ?????? ?? 5-?? ??????, ? ????? ??????? ??? ???????? ????????? ?????????? ? ????????? ? ?????? ??? ????.

? ?????????? ???????????? ??????????? ??????????????? ????? ???????????.

????????????? ???????? - ??????????? ?? ?????????????????? ????????? ? ?????? ????????????????? ? ???? ???????? ??? ?????? ? ????????????? ??? ?????????????? ??????????? ???? ????????, ??????????? ? ???????? ????. ? ????????? ?????? ???????????? ?????? ? ????? ?????? ??????? ????????????? ???????? ? ?????????? 10% ??????????? ?????, ?? ?? ????? ????.

????????????? ???????? ?????? ???????????? ???????, ????? ??????????? ???? ???????? ?? ?????? ????? ??? ?? 1,5°? ????? ??????? ???????????? ?????????? ? ???? ? ???????????? 5°? ??? ?????????? ????????.

?? ?????? ?????? ?????????????? ???????????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ???????????? «?????» - ???????? ?????? ???????? ????? ? ?????? ?????????? ??????, ??????????? ? ????? ??????????? ???????, ?????????? ? ????????????? ??????. ??? ?????????? ???????? ?????? ??????????? ????? ?? ???????? 0,5 ? ? ??????????? ? ??????, ??????????? ?????. ??????, ? ? ??? ? ???????, ????? ???? ????? ????????? ???? ? ?????????? 2 ????.

???????????? ?????? - ??? ??????, ????????? ?????????? ?????????? ????? ?????, ???????? ????????, ? ??????? ?????????? ??? ?????. ?????? ??? ?????????? ? ?????????? ??? ??????????, ????????????? ? ??????????? ? ????????? ???????????? ??????.

?? ??????? ???????? ?? ???? ???????????? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????????? ????????????? ?????????? ? ?????????? ????????? ????????.

????? ???????????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ???????????? ??????? ????????, ?????, ????? ? ???????????? ????? ?? ?????. ???????? ???? ??????????????? ?????? ???????? ??????????? ????????, ??????????????? ???? ?????? ? ??????? ????? (100% + 100% = 200%). ???????????? ???? ??????????? ????????????? ???????? ???????????? 50 % ?????????? ? ??????? ? ??????? ????? (50% + 50% =100%).

?????????? ?? ?????????????? ???????? ??? ???????????? ?????? ??????:

????? ??????? ???????????? ? ????? ?????????? ???? ??? ?????????? ?????, ??????? ?????????????;

???????????? ???????? ?????????????????? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ?????????????;

????? ???????????? ????????? ? ????????????? ??????????? ?? ?????, ?????????????? ???????? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ????????? ????? ?? ????? 6 ?? ? ?????????? ?? ????????? ?????? ??????? ????;

???? ???????? ? ????????? ????.

?? ????????? ??????, ??? ?????????? ?????? ? ?? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ?? ???????????????? ?????????. ? ??????? ? ???????? ?????? ?? ??????? ????? ???????? ??????????? ?????? ?? ???????????????? ?????????.

???????????? ?????? ??? ????????????? ????? ????? ???????????? ???????????, ??????????? ?????????: ????????, ?????????????? ?????? ????? ?????????? ??????? ????? ? ??????? 8 ???; ??????? ???????, ?????????????? ???????????? ????? ? ?????? ?????????? ? ??????? 10 ???. ??????? ?????? ??????????? ????????, ??? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????????; ????? ?????? ???????????? ???????? ?????????, ???????????? ????????????? ?? ???????????? ??????.

???????????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??????????? ?????????? ??????????? ???????? ? ?????????????? ?? ??????:

????????? ?????? ???????? ?? ????? 5 ??? ?? ??????? ??????? ? ???????? ?????????, ????? ?????? ????????? ??? ????;

???????? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ? ?????? ?????????? ????? ? ????????? ?????? ???? ?? ????? 6 ??;

????? ??????? ?????? ???? ??????????? ??? ?????? ????????? ?????? ????? ? ??????? 24 ?????.

??? ??????????? ??????????? ????????????? ?????? ???????????????????? ?????? (????????, ???????????) ?? ?????? ???????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????????? ?????????? ?????? ???? ????????????? ?????????? ?? ????? ? ???????????? ?????????, ? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ????? ??????????????? ??????????.

???? ????? ????? ???????? ???????? ???????????? ??????, ?? ?? ????????? ?????? ???? ???????? ???????? ? ?????????????? ? ???? ?? ??????? ???? ????? ????????????? ??????????.

?????? - ????, ????????? ????? ????????????? ?????????.

???????????? ???????? - ???????????? ??? ????????????? ????? ? ????????? (??????), ?????????????? ??? ?????????? ???????? ??? ?????? ? ????? ????? ? ?????? ??? ? ????.

???????? ? ??????????? ??????, ? ????? ?? ??????? ??????? ????????? ?? ?? ????? ? ??????? ????? ??????????? ???????; ??? ?? ??????? ???????? ?????, ???? ???????? (??????? ?????????? ????????) ? ??????? ????? ??????. ??????????, ?? ??????? ????? ?????????? ?????, ???????? ??????????? ??????, ? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ??????.

?????? ?????? ???? ???? ???????????????, ???? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ???????? ????.

???????????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??????????? ???????? ????????. ???????? ?????? (???? ??? ??? ? ??????????? ?? ???????? ??????) ??????????????? ? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ????. ?????? ????????????? ???????????, ????? ?????? ????????? ??? ????, ? ????????????? ???????????, ????? ?????? ????????? ?? ?????. ?????? ??? ?????? ????????? ?????? ???????????? ????. ??? ???????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ??????????? ????? ????? ???????? ? ?????? ????. ??? ?????????? ?????? ? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ????????? ??? ???????.

??????, ?????????? ?? ?????, ??????????? ??????????? ??????????, ??????? ??????? ????? ???????, ????? ??? ???? ?????????? ????????????. ??? ???? ??????????? ???????? ??????????????? ??? ??????? ??????????:

??????? - ?????????? ?????????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????, ????? ???????? ?? ????? ????????;

??? ????????? - ????? ?????????? ????? ???? ??????????? ??? ?? ????, ??? ? ?? ???? ??? ??????? ???????? ?? ?????.

?????? ?????? ??????????????? ???????????????. ????? ??????? ??????? ???????????? ?????? ? ??????? ?? ????? 12 ?????.

?? ??????? ????? ???????? ??????????????? ?????????? ???????? ? ?????? ????????????, ?????? ?????????? ??? ???????????? (50-70 ?????????? ? ??????) ????? ?????? ?????. ????? ??????? ??????? ???????????? ?????? ? ??????? ?? ????? 12 ?????.

???????????? ?????? ? ?????????? ???????? ???????????????? ?????? ???? ???????? ???, ????? ?????????? ??? ???????? ?????? ? ?????????? ?????????? ?????? ????????? ?? ????? 10 ???. ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ?????????? ? ????????? ??? ???????.

?????????????? ???????????? ?????? ?????? ???????????? ???????????? ??????????? ? ??? ????? ? ??????? ?? ????? 8 ???, ???????? ?? ???? ? ???? ????????????? ?? ?? ???? ?????? ????, ? ??????????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ?? ?????? ????????? 60°?. ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ????????? ????????????? ??????????? ???????? ???????? ????????. ??? ???????? ???????????? ????????? ????. ???????????? ?????????? ??????? ????????????? ? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ???????, ????? ????????? ????????? ? ??????? ??????? ????????? ? ??????????? ????.

????????? ??????

?????? ???????????? ?????? ?????? ????? ????????? ?????????????? ??????????? ????????????? ????????? ?????-74, ??????????:

?? ??????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????????? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ???????? ? ???? ???????, ?? ???????? - ?????? ????? ? ??????????, ?????????????? ? ??????? ?????? ???????? (?????????);

??? ???????? ?????;

???????? ????? ? ?????? ??????, ?????? ???? ?????? ??????, ? ????????, ???????????? ?? ??????? ?????? ?????;

??? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? 15 ??????;

??? ??????, ?? ?????? ? ?????? ??????????? ?????? ??? ??????????? ??????? ??? ?????????? ?????;

??????? ?????? ? ????? ???????? ???? 3 ????? ?? ???????;

?????????? ??????????????;

?????????? ????????: ?????? ?????????? ?????? ???????? ?????, ????? ???????????? ???????, ??? ??????? ?????, ????????????? ?????? ? ??????????????? ??? ???????????? ?? ???? ????? ? ????????????????? ?????????? (? ?????????? ???????? ??????? ? ???????? ?????????), ???? ?????????? ??????? - ????????? - ? ??????????? ?? ??? ?????????????, ?????????? ??????? ??? ??????????? ?????????? ??????????, ??????? ???????????? ????????;

?????????, ????????? ???????????? ??????????? ?????? ? ??????? 3 ?????;

??????? ?????? ??????, ?? 6 ???????? ?? ??????? ??????? ? ?????? ?????????????? ?????? ?? ????????;

???????? ???, ????????????? ??????? ? ??????, ? ??? ???????????????????;

?????? ???????????? ?????, ??? ????? ? ??????;

???????????? ??? ??????? ??????? ?????;

???????? ???????? ?????? ? ???????????? ??? ????????? (?? ???????? ???????);

???????????????? ??????????;

??????? ? ????????;

?????????????? ????????????? ???????? ? ?????????? 10 % ?? ???????????????????? ?????? (?? ?? ????? ????).

???? ??? ? ????? ????????? ????????? ?????? ???????????, ?????????????? ? ?????????????.

????? ??????

??????, ?????????? ????????????? ??????????, ??????????????? ????????????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????. ????????? - ??? ??????????, ??????????????? ??? ???????? ??????, ??????? ????????????? ?? ???? ?????, ???????????? ??? ?????? ? ??????? ??????.

????? ?????? ?????????????? ?? ??????? ????? ????? ????? ?? ??? ???, ???? ?????? ?? ???????? ?? ????.

?????? - ???????? ?????, ????????????? ? ?????? ? ?? ???????????? ? ??????????? ?? ???????, ??????????????? ??? ?????? ? ??????? ??????.

????? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ??? ????????? ???? ??????? ??? ??????????? ???????????? ??????? ? ?? ??????? ?? ??????? ?????????? ???????.

?????????? ??????? ??????, ?????????? ?? ?????, ????? ?????????????? ??? ? ?????? ?????, ??? ? ?? ??????. ??? ????????? ??? ????????????? ???????? ???????? ?? ????????? ?? ????? ??????? ??????????? ??????.

???????????? ???????? ???????????????? ?????????????? ????????? ???????? ??????????? ?????? ??? ????????? ???? ??????? ????? ?????? ????????. ?? ???????? ???????? ??????????? - ?? ????? 2 ?????, ???????? ?????? ??? ????? ?? 20°.

?????????????? ????????? ???????????? ?? ????????????? (??????????), ? ??????? ?????? ? ??????????? ? ??? ??????? ???????????? ?? ???????????? ??????? ?? ???????, ????????? ??? ???? ??????, ? ?????????, ???????????? ?????? ?? ???? ???????? ?????? ???????, ?????????????? ? ??????? ????? ?????????.

?????? ???? ????????? ??????????? ???? ????????? ??????? ? ?????? ??? ???????????? ????????.

?????? ?????? ? ?????? ????? ????????? ????? ?????????? ?????????, ?????? ???????? ????????????? ?? ??????????? ????? ???????? ?? ????? 65 ??, ? ???????? - ?? ??????? ????? ?????? ???????? 480x115x25 ??.

??????? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ????????? ?? ????? ??????? ????? (??? ???????), ? ??? ????????? ?????????? ? ????????? ????, ?????? ??????? ? ????????????.

????? ??????? ?????? ?? ???? ?????????? ????????? ??? ????????:

) ???????? ? ?????? ???????????? ? ?????????, ???????????? ??? ????????? ????? ?????????? ?????:

?????????? ??? ???????????? ? ???????????????? ????-???????? (SART);

?????? ???? (??????);

?????????????? ????? ???? ? ????;

?????????????? ????? ??????????????? ??????? ????????????.

) ????? ??????? ?? ???? ?????????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ?????? (????????? ? ?????? ????? ??????? ? ????? ??????????????? ??????????).

) ? ?????? ????????????? ????????? ? ????????????? ?????? ?? ?????????? ?????????, ??????? ?????? ? ???????????? ?????? ? ???????? ????? ?????.

??????, ?????????? ?? ??????? ????? ????? ? ????????? ????????, ?????????? ?????????? ?? ???????????? ? ?????? ? ???? ?????.

???? ????? ?????? ????????????, ????? ????? ????? ??? ???????????? ????, ?? ? ???? ?????? ????? ?????????? ???????????? ?????? ??? ????????? ?????? ? ?????.

??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????????????? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ?????????? ???????? ???????????. ???? ????? ?????? ?????????, ?? ???????????????? ??? ??????? ???????? (???????? ?????? ??????-???? ???????? ??????????? ? ??????????? ???????? ????? ? ??????), ????? ?? ????????? ?? ????? ????? ?????, ??????? ?? ???????? ????? ?????????? ? ?????? ?? ??????????.

) ???????? ???????? ?????????? ?????????? ??????.

) ?????????? ??????????.

) ?????? ????????.

) ?????? ??????? ?????????.

??????? ????? ? ??????, ?????????? ?? ?????, ????? ?????????????:

?? ???????????? ????? - ??? ?? ????? ?? ?????????, ??? ? ?????????? ??????;

?? ???????? ????? - ?? ????? ?????????.

?????????? ?????????? ??????? ???????????? ??? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?????????? ?????????. ?????? ?????????????, ? ?????? ??? ????????? ??????????? ???? ??????? ???????? ?????????? ?? ???? ????????? ? ??????????. ??? ??????? ?????????? ? ?????????? ?????? ????? ?????????????, ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????????? ??????.

????? ??????? ????? ? ?????? ????????????? ?????? ??????, ? ?????? ?????????? ?? ????.

?????????? ? ???????? ??????? ??????????? ? ??????, ????? ?????? ????????? ?? ??????? ?????: ?????? ??? ?????????, ?????? ?????? ??????????? ?? ???????, ? ???????? ?? ????? ????? ?????????????.

?????? ???????? ????? ???????, ????? ?????? ?????????? ? ????? ??? ???????????. ????? ????, ??? ????????? ??????? ???????????? ? ????? ? ??????, ?????? ????????????? (? ??????? ?????? - ???????????? ????????, ???????????? ? ???????????? ??????), ? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????. ????????????? ????????? ??????, ?.?. ??? ????? ???????????? ??? ??????????, ??? ??????????? ? ??????? ????????????? ??????????, ??? ??????????? ?????? ?? ????? ? ?.?.

???????????? ???? - ??? ????, ????????? ?????????? ?????????? ????? ?????, ???????? ????????, ? ??????? ?????????? ??? ?????. ??? ??????????? ?????? ???? ?????, ????? ????????? ?? ????? ??????? ?????????? ????? ? ??????? ?? ????? 30 ????? ??? ????? ??????????????????.

????? ??????????????? ???????????? ?? ????? 6 ? ?????? ?? 25 ??????? (?? ???????????? ????? ????? ??????????? ????? ???????????? ?? 150 ???????). ???????? ???????????????, ????????? ????? ????????????, ???????? ????? ????????? ???? (???).

?? ??????? ???????? ?? ???? ???????????? ????? ??????? ?? ?????????? ????????????? ?????????? (??? ?????? ?????????) ? ????????????.

??????? ? ???????????? ???????????? ???? ???????????? ????? ??? ????????? ?? ????, ??? ?????? ????? ??????? ???? ????????? ???????. ??????, ????????? ???????? ????? ?? ???? ??????????? ????? ? ???????? ? ???????? ?????? (???????? ??? ????????? ?????, ? ??????? ????? ????? ?????????????).

?????????? ????? ???????????????, ??????? ???????, ?? ???????????? ?????, ????????? ??????? ? ??? ?????????????? ?? ?????? ??????, ??? ???????? ??????? ????????????? ??? ???????? ??????????, ??????? ????????? ? ????? ????????????? ?????????? ? ??????????? ?????????.

????????? ????????????? ????? ?????? ???? ???????????, ????? ??????????? ??? ??????????? ? ?????????? ? ?????? ?? ????? 18 ? ? ??????????? ????????? ????? ?? ???????????? ???? ? ?????? ?? ????? 4.5 ??????.

????????? ?????????? ??????????? ????????????? ????? ????????:

?????? ?????????? - ???????????? ?????????? ?????;

????? - ????????????????? ???????, ?????????????? ???????? ?? ???????? ????;

???? - ????????????????? ???????, ?????????????? ???????? ???????????? ???????????? ?? ???? ? ??????.

?????? ?????????? ????????????? ????? ????? ???? ??? ???????, ??? ? ????????. ? ??????? ?????? ?????????? ?????????????? ?????? ???????? ??????????, ???????????? ?? ?????????.

?????? ?????????? ????????? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ??? ?? ???? ??????????? ???????, ??? ???? ????? ??? ??????????? ?????? ??????, ?????????? ?????? ????? ???????????? ????????????? ????????? ???? ? ?????????? ?? ????? ??????? ?????????? ????? ? ?????????. ?????? ?????? ????????????? ???????? ???? ??? ??????, ??? ????????? ?? ?????? ?????????? ??????????? ??????????, ?? ? ????????? ??????? ??? ?????????? ????? ??? ??????????? ?????? ??????.

???????? ?????? ?????????? ??????????? ??????????? ?????. ?????? ??? ???? ???? ???????????? ?????????? ???, ??????????? ? ??????? ?? ????? ?????. ????????? ????? ???????? ?? 1 ?? 3-? ?????.

??? ??????????? ??????????? ??????????? ???????? ???????? ? ??????? ??????????????? ??????? ??? ?????? ???????? ??????? ??? ??????.

?????? ????????????? ???????????? ???????????? ?????? ???????? ????? ????????? ?????, ?????????? ?? ???? ????? ?????????????????? ????????? ? ????????? ??????????. ???????? ???? ????? ???????? ?????????, ? ?????????? - ?????? ???? ???????????, ?? ?????????? ??????????? ? ??????????? ?? ????? ?????.

??? ????????? ????? ? ???????? ?????? ???????? ????? ???????? ????, ???????????? ????????????? ?????? ? ??????? ??????????. ?????? ????? ???????? ?????, ????? ??????? ??? ?????????? ? ??????? ????????? ? ????? ????? ???????????? ????????????.

?? ????? ?????? ????:

?? ??????? ????, ???? ????????? ????;

?????????? ??? ????? ???????? ????;

?????????? ??? ????????? ????????????????? ??????????;

?????? ?? ?????? ?????????????????? ?????????.

?? ??????? ????? ????? ??????????????? ?????????? ?????, ????????????? ???????????? ??? ????????? ?????. ????? ??????? ??????? ???????????? ?????? ? ??????? ?? ????? 12 ?????.

?????? ????? ??????????????? ???????????????, ???????????? ????????????? ??? ????????? ?????. ????? ??????? ??????? ???????????? ?????? ? ??????? ?? ????? 12 ?????.

?? ???????? ????????? ?????? ?????????? ????? ???????? ???????????? ????, ?????????? ????????? ?? ?????. ?? ??????????? ????????? ????? ??????????????? ???????????? ????, ?????????? ????? ???????????? ?? ????? ??????.

????? ? ???????????? ????? ??????????? ???????????? ????????????, ??????????? ????? ?????????? ?? ???? ?????? ?????. ?? ??????? ????, ? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ??????????? ?????????? ????????. ?????, ?? ????????????? ?????????? ?????????, ?????? ????? ?????????? ?????, ?????? ????????? ??????? ????????? ???? ?????????? ?? ????? ??? ?? 0,4 ?????.

?? ????? ????????? ????? ?? ????????? ??????????????? ??????????? ????? ???????. ??? ???????????? ????? ?????????? ???? ????? ? ??????????? ? ??????? ?????. ????????? ???????? ?????????? ????????, ????? ? ??????? 25 ?????? ????? ????, ??? ???? ??????????? ? ????????? ????????? ?? ????, ??????? ??????????? ?? ????? ??? ?? 60%.

??????? ????????? ??? ???????:

???????????? ????????????, ??? ???????? ????????? ?? ????? ??????, ????? ????????? ???? ????????? ?? ???? ??? ?????;

????????? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ????????? ?????????? ?? ????????? ? ??????????? ??????, ??? ???????? ? ???????? ????????? ??????. ??????????? ????? ???????, ??????????? ????????? ???????? ????? ?????.

??? ????????? ????? ? ??? ????? ???????? ?????? ? ?????, ???????? ??????????? ???????? ????????, ??????? ??????????? ??? ????????? ?????????????? ? ???? ????????? ????. ??? ???????? ????????? ??????? ??? ???????????? ? ??????? ?? ??????? ???????? ????????.

???????? ???? ????? ??????? ??????????:

???????????? ??? ???????? ??????? ?? ??????? ? ?????;

???????????? ??? ????????? ????? ?? ???? ? ????? ?????.

????? ????????? ???? ?? ????? 15 ??????.

????????? ????????????? ?????

2 ???????? ?????;

???????? ????????: ???????? ?????? (??? ??????? ??? ?????? ???????????? 13 ??????? ? ?????) ? 2 ?????;

2 ???????? ?????, ???? ?? ??????? ????????? ?????????? ? ?????, ? ?????? ???????? ????????. ????? ????? ????????? ???? ????????????? ???? ????????????? ???????? ????? ???????????? ?????????????.

??????????? ?????????? ??? ??? ??????? ????? ? ???????? ??????. ??? ????????? ? ??????? ? ???????? ??????? ????? ?????? ????? ????????? ????????? ???? ? ?????.

???????????? ?????? ? ???????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? 30 ?;

????????? ???????? ??? ??????? ????????. ??????, ? ???????? ????????? ??????????????? ?????? ???????? ??? ???????????? ??????, ????, ?????? ? ?????? ??? ??????? ??????? ???????????;

3 ???????????????????;

???????;

?????? ????? ??? ???? ??? ???????? ?????;

???????? ???? ???????????????? ?? ??????? 1,5 ? ?? ????????;

??????? ?????? ?? ??????? 10 000 ??? ?? ????????;

??????? ?????? ??????;

???????? ?? ??????? ??????? ? ?????????????????? ???????? ?? ???? 48 ????? ?? ????????;

?? ?????? ?????????????? ?????? ?? ????????;

?????????? ??????????????;

????????????? ???????? ? ?????????? 10 % ?? ?????????? ????? ?????, ?? ?? ????? 2 ??????;

?????????? ?? ?????????? ????? ?? ???????????? ??????.

???????? ????????????:

???????????????? ???? - ???????? (SART);

??? ?????????? ????????????;

4 ??????? ?????????? ??????;

6 ??????? ???????????;

2 ???????? ??????? ?????;

????????????? ????????????????? ??????, ????????? ??? ?? ???? ???????? ?? ?????? ?????;

?????????? ??????? (?????????);

?????????? ???????;

??????? ???????????? ????????.

????????? ???

?? ????? ??? (???? ???????????? ????????) ???????? ? ??????????? ??????????, ????????? ?? ???? ?????????, ?????????? ??????????? ? ??????????? ?????????? ???????.

????????? ????, ??? ??????????? ????? ????? ???????, ?????????????? ?? ?????? ?? ??????????? ???????? ???? ??? ????????? ?????.

????????? ? ?????? ??????????????? ?? ??????????? ????, ???????? ? ??? ?????????, ??????????? ?? ?????????? ??????.

????????? ?????????? ???????????? ?????? ?????? ???????????? ?????????? ????? ????? ? ?????? ?????????? ????? ? ????????? ??? ????? ?? 20° ?? ????? ???? ? ?????????? ?? 10°.

????????? ????? ??????????????? ??? ??????? ???????????? ?? ???????? - ?????? ? ??????????????.

??? ??????? ???????????? ????? ?? ???????? ?????????? ???????? ? ???????-???? ??????????? ?????. ???? ???????? ????????? ? ??????.

???? ??????????, ? ??????? ???????????? ???????? ?????????? ????????? ??????????? ????????, ? ?????????? ????????????? ?????, ???????????? ???????? ????? ????????. ????? ?????????? ???????????, ????? ????????? ?????? ??????????? ?? ????? ???? ???? ?? ??????. ? ????? ??????????? ????????????????? ??? ???????????????? ????? ??????, ??? ? ????? ???? ?????? ????????? ????? ????????.

??? ??????????????? ???????????? ????? ??? ?????????? ????? ??? ???? ? ??????????? ?????????? ?????????? ????????? - ??????????, ????????????? ??????? ?? ??????? ?? ????? 4 ?.

?? ???????? ???????? ?????????? ?????? ???????????? ???? ? ????????.

? ?????????? ???????? ???? ? ???????? ????????? ?????????????? ??? ???????????? ?????????? ???????, ???????????? ?? ?????????????? ????????.

???????????? ??? ????????? ???????? ?????????? ????????, ??????? ??? ?????????? ? ???? ???????? ???????? ????? ?????? ??? ?????????. ????????? ???????, ???????????? ????????, ?????????????? ?? ??, ????? ?? ??????? ?? 4 ? ??????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ? ?????????? ???. ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ???????????? ????? ?????????????, ? ?????? ???? ?????????????? ?????????? ?????, ???????????? ???????.

???? ???????? ????????? ? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????.

????????? ???????????? ????. ??????? ??????????? ???????????? ???? ?????????? ????????????, ?? ??? ??? ?????????? ???????????? ??????? ???????????? ??? ?????????? ????????? ???????? ?? ?????????????? ???????.

?????? ??????? ?????????? ????? ???????? ????????? ?? ??? ??????, ???? ?? ??????? ???????????, ? ?? ?????? ????? ????????? ???? ??? ??????????.

??????????????? ???????, ? ??????? ???????? ???????, ???????????? ??????? ?????????? ???????????, ??????????? ??????????? ? ?????????.

??? ? ? ?????????? ???????, ????????? ???????, ???????????? ???????? (? ?????????????, ? ?????????? ??????????), ?????????? ?? ??, ????? ??? ????????? ???? ?? ??????? ?? 4 ? ????????? ???????????? ??????????????? ??????? ??????????, ??? ???????? ? ???????????? ????? ?? ????????.

???? ???????? ????????? ? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????.

??? ?????????? ?????, ????????? ? ??? ?????????, ??? ???? ???????? ???? ???????????? ?? ??????????. ?????????? ????????? ???? ? ?????? ?????????????? ????? ?????? ?????. ????????? ????????? ??????? ????? ?????????? 2,2 + 0,4 ??, ??? ?????????? ??? ??????????? ????????? ???? ?? ?????????? ? ???????? ????????? ???????. ??? ?????????? ????????? ?????? ????? ??????????? ? ???? ????????????? ?? ????????? ? ????? ?????.

??????????? ???????????, ??? ?????? ????? ???????? ?????? ????????? ????? ?????? ????????? ????. ????????? ??????? ????? ????, ????? ?????????? ???? ? ????? ? ???????? ???????? ????? ? ????????. ???????, ??? ?????? ??????, ??????, ??? ?????????? ??????? ?? ?????? ???????? - ??????? ?? ?????????? ????????? ??????? ????????? ???? ? ??????? ????????? ??? ???? ??????? ????? ? ??????????? ????? (??????????? ?????? ?????). ???? ?? ????????? ???????? ???? ?? ??????? ?????????? ?????????, ?? ???? ????? ??????? ? ??????.

?????? ????? ????????? ????? ????????: ??? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ? ???????? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ????.

????? ??? ?? ????

??????? ?????????? ?? ?????????? ????? ? ??????? ????????? ? ??????? ? ???? ???????? ? ??????????? ????????? ?? ????????? ????? ? ????? ? ?????? ?????????.

??????? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ? ??????? ? ???? ??????????????? ????????? ????????:

?????????? ???????;

?????????? ???? ?? ????. ??? ?????????????? ????? ?? ????????????? ?????????? ???? ??? ????? ????? 15° ?? ??????? ????????? ?? ???? ?????. ?????????? ?? ????, ?? ??????? ?????, ? ???? ?????? ????????????, ? ?????????????? ?? ????????? ?? ???? ?????, ????????? ?????????, ????? ???????? ? ????????? ???????;

???????? ?? ?????????? ???????? ???? ? ?????? ???????;

???????????? ???? ????????? ? ????? ? ????????? ????;

???? ???? ????????? ?????? ?????, ?? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ??????????? ?????, ???????? ?? ??????? ?????? ? ?????????? ? ???? ????? ??????, ????? ???? ??????????? ? ?????????? ?????????. ??? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ??????????, ?? ????? ???????????????? ??? ?????????? ????????? ???, ????? ????????? ? ???????????? ???????. ? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ???????? ?????????????? ????;

????????????? ? ????, ???????? ??????? ? ???? ?????:

- ????? ??????? ?? ???? ? ?????? ?? 4,5 ?, ???? ???? ???????????, ??? ? ??? ??? ?????;

- ????? ?????????? ?? ??????????;

- ????? ?????????? ?? ??????????? ?????;

- ????? ??????? ? ???? ????? ? ??????, ? ????? ????????? ? ????;

?????? ?????? ??????????? ????????? ? ???? (???????????? ???????????? ?????? ? ????? ?? ?????????? ????????? ?????).

????? ????, ??? ??? ??????????? ????????? ?? ????? ??? ? ????, ?? ??????????? ?? ???????????? ???? ?????, ?????????? ?????? ?? ???????? ????? ?? ?????????? ??????????, ??? ???? ?????:

???????? ???????? ????. ??? ????????? ? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ? ????? ????????? ????.

??????? ???????? ?????;

????????? ??????? ???????.

??????? ??????? ??????? ???????????? ????????????? ????????. ? ?????? ????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ?????, ???????????? ??????? ?????? ? ?????? ?????????? ????? ? ????. ?????????? ???????? ?? ?????, ???????? ?? ??????? ????, ??????? ?????? ? ????? ? ????????? ? ????? ????????? ?????.

??? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ???????????? ????? ?? ?????????? ?????????, ? ????? ????? ???????????? ???????? ?????, ?????????? ??? ?????? ? ???????????? ?? ???. ??? ????, ????? ????? ????? ???? ???????????, ? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????????? ?????-???? ??????? ??????? (????????, ???????).

?????????? ? ???????????????? ???????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ????????? ????????:

??????????? ??????? ??? ?????????? ????? ??? ????;

??????????? ?????? ??? ??????;

???????? ? ???????? ????? ????????? ?????????;

??????????? ??????????? ????? ?? ????.

????? ?????? ?? ?????????? ?????????? ???? ???????????? ????????? ?????????? ???????????? ? ???????????? ? ????? ?????? ?????. ??????????? ???????????? ??????? ?????????:

?????????? ???????????? ?????, ????, ???????? ???????, ?????? ???? ? ?.?.;

????? ??????????? ???????????? ???????? ????????????;

????? ??????????? ???????????? ??????? ??????? ?? ?????????? ????? (??????? ?????, ???????? ??????????? ?????? ???????????, ????? ???? ? ?.?.);

????????? ????? ?????????, ??????? ????????-???????????? ????????.

??????????? ????????-???????????? ???????? ????? ?????? ? ????????? ????? ?????? ?????, ??????? ??? ?????????? ????????? ?????? ?????????? ????????? ???????? ????? ? ???????? ??????? ???????.

1.5 ??????????????? ???????? ??????

??? ?????????????? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ???????????? ?????????????? ????, ??????????????? ????????? ?????????????????? ????????. ??????????, ?????????????? ?????????, ?????? ? ????? ??????????? ?? ????? ? ??????????? ?????????, ? ????? ? ???????????? ??????????? ????? ???????, ??? ???????????? ??????????????? ??????.

?? ????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ???????????? ???? «Safetec SDS-48» ?????? ?????????? ??????? ????????? ?? ??????? ??????? ?? ???????? ?????????, ?? ??????? ????? ? ????? ? ??? ??, ??? ????????????? ??????????? ?????-74 ³³/2. ?????? ??????? ???????????? ???????? ?????. ????? ??????? ??????? «Safetec ACS-1-FD» ??????? ???????????? ????? ? ????????? ?????????.

??????? 13 ?.1,5 (?????? ?????????? ???????? ?????? ?????????? ?? ??????? ??????? ??? ?? ??????????? ???????? ?????), ? ??? ?? ?.1.6 (?????? ???????????? ?????? ????????? ???, ? ??????? ???????? ?????????????? ??? ?????? ??????????). ????, ??????? ????????? ??? ?????????????? ??????????, ???????? ??????????? ??????????. ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????????? ?? ????????????? ?????????? ?? ???????????? ????? ?????????? ??????. ?????????? ???????????? ? ???? ???????.

?????? ??????? ??????????? ?????? ???????????? ??????????? ? ???????????? ? ????????? ????????? ??? ?????? ????????? ??? ????????? ?????????? ????? ????? ??????????????? ???? ?? ??????, ?? ??????? ?????? ??????????? ?????????????? ??????????. ??? ??????????? ?????, ??? ?? ??????? ?????? ??? ???????????? ? ?????? ????????? ? ???????????? ? ????? «??????».

??????????? ??????????? ????????????? ??????????? ?????-74 ??????? 13 ?.3. ??? ??????? ? ??????????? ????????? ?????????? ? ?????????? ??????? ???????, ? ????????? ??????????? ?????????? ?????, ????????, ?????????, ??????????, ?????? ? ???????? (?.3.1).

?? ??????? ?????????? ??????? ?????????? ? ???, ??????? ???????????? ???????? ???????????? ?????????? ?? ????, ??? ????????? ???? ????????? ????????, ??? ??????? ?????????? ????? ???????? 12,5% ?? ????, ?? ?? ??????, ??? ????????? ???? ????????? ???????? 2% ?? ???? (?.3.2).

???????? ?????????? ??? ?? ???????????????? ? ????? ???, ??????? ???????????? ?? ???????? ???????????? (?.3.3).

???????? ??????? 52 ³³/2 ??????? ????????????????? ??????????? ???, ??? ??????????? ??????????? ???? ? ??????? ?????? ??????????? ?? ???? ?????? ? ????????? ?? ???? ????????? ?? ????? ?????????.

??????????? ????????? ? ????????

?????????? ? ????????????? ??????????? ?? ???????? ??????????? ????? ? ????????? ?? ????????? ????????? ??????? ????????. ? ???? ????? ????????? ??? ????????????? ??????????, ???????????????? ?????????? ?? ????????? ???????????? ???????????? ? ????????? ?????. ? ????? ????????? ?? ??? ?????????: ????????????? ????????? ?? ?????? ???????????? ????? ?? ????, ????????????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ??????? ??????, ????????????? ????????? ? ???????? ????? ? ??.

????????? ????? ??????????????: ??????? ?????????? ? ????????????, ???????? ?????????????, ?????????? ??????? ???????, ????????????????? ??????? ? ?????? ?? ????????? ????? ? ?????????? ?? ?? ??????????? ? ??????????????.

???????? ???????????? ??? ??????????? ??????? ?? ????????? ?????:

.??????????? ?? ?????? ?? ????????? ?????.

.?????????? ?? ???????? (????? ? ??????????) ??? ??????????.

.??????? ? ????? (???? ??? ????????????? ??????????? ????????????? ?????):

?????? ???????????? ????????? ????? ? ????????? ?????? ? ?????????

???????????? ??????????? ? ????????????????? ??????????? ? ???????? ? ??? ;

???????????? ?????????????? ???????, ????????, ???? ????????? ;

?????? ???????? ????????????;

?????? ?????????????.

.??????????, ???????????? ? ??????????? ??????.

. ???????-??????????? ???????? (??? ??? ????????? ????????? ???????? ????????????).

??????? ???????????

? ??????? ??????????? ???????????? ??? ???????? ???????/ ?????????? ?????? ? ????????? ???????? ?????. ????????? ?????????????????? ???? ???? ??????? ?????????? 660 ?3 ? ???. ????????? ???? ??????? ???????? ??? ? ??????? ?????? ??????????, ??? ? ?? ???????? ???????.

???????? ?????

?????????? 2

???????????? ???????? ?????????

?????????????????? ??????? ?3 /? 240

????????? ???????? ?????

?????????? 1

???????????? ????????? ????????

?????????????? ????.

?????????????????? ?3 /? 180

????? ??????? ? ??????? ????????????? ?????????? ???????? ????????? ?? ????? ??? ????????????? ?????????? ????? - 74 II/2 ??????? 4.

??????? ?????????????? ???????

?????? ??????? ????????????? ??? ??????? ?????? ? ???????? ?????? ? ??????-????????? ?????????. ??? ??????????? ??? ????? ??????????? ? ??????????? ??? ???? ??????? ?????????. ? ??????????? ?? ????? ?????????? ?? ??????????? ??????, ????????????? ?? ????? ?????, ?????????? ??????????? ?????????? ???????? ? ????????????. ?????? ??????? ????? ????????? ?????? ?????????????? ???????: ??? ??????? ? ?? ? ??? - ??????? ?????? ? ?????? ? ?????????? ?? ????? ? ?????? ????. ?????? ??????? ? ???????? ?????? ?????????????? ?????? ? ???????? ????? ? ????????? ???????.

?????????? ???????? 50 ??.

??????????? ???????, ?? 45

??????????? ?????????? ???????????? 50% ?????? ??????????? ?????.

????? ??????? ???? ?????? ? ???????????? ??????? 5 ?????? ????????????? ? ?????? ?????????? ? ??????????? ????????? ? ???????????? ??? ??????? ?????????? ?? ??????? ? ??? ???????? ??????????.

??????? ???????????

????????????? ??? ??????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ??

???????????, ? 50

????????-?????? ?????????? ????? 2 ??.

???????????? ? ?????? ???????? ??????

??????? ???????? ???? ?????????? ? ????? ?????????? ?? ?????? ¹ 2 ? ????? ???? ? ??????. ?????? ???? ?????????? ?? ???? ? ?????????????.

??? ????? ?????????????? :

????????? ? ??????????? ?????????;

?????????? ?? ?????? ??????? ? ????????? ????????? ? ???;

??????????????;

??????? ? ????????;

????????? ????????? ????????.

????? ?? ??????? ??????? ??????? ???? ???? ????????? ?? ?????????????? ???????????? ? ???????? ????? ??? ????????????? ??????????? ?????-74 ??????? 17.

?? ??????? ?????? ? ??????? ? ?????? ?????? ? ???????? ???????? ????????? ??????????? ????? ?? ??????? ?????? «FIRE PLAN», ? ?????? ?????????? ? ?????? ???????? ??????? ????????? ????? ?????? ???????????? ??????? ??????????????? ??????, ??? ????????????? ??????? 20 II/2

?????-74.

???????????? ???????

???????????? ??????? ????????? ??????? ?? ???? ???????- ?????????? ??????? ????? ??????????????????? 660 ?3 ? ?????????. ?????? ????? ???????? ?? ???????? ? ???????? ??????? ???????????? ??? ???? ??????????? ????????? ???????? ??????? ???? ?? ?????? ?????????????????? ?????? ? ??? ????????. ?????????-???????????? ??????? ????????????? ??????????? ?????-74 ??????? 21 ?. 1.1, 1.2, 1.4.

1.6 ????????? ????????? ?? ?????? ? ?????????????

INVENTORY

ONBOARD OIL SPILL REMOVAL EQUIPMENT

?/V «CSL METIS»

PRODUCT DESCRIPTIONUNITQTY REQUIREDSORBENT BOOM4 BOOMS8 PCSSORBENT PADS 48CM X 43CM200 PADS2 PCSSORBENT PADS 44CM X 48CM2 ROLLS1PCSSEACARE OSD25LTR1PCSJET SPRAY10LTR1 PCRUBBER BOOTSSIZE 422 PRSRUBBER BOOTSSIZE 436 PRSRUBBER BOOTSSIZE 442 PRSOIL CHEM RESISTANT GLOVES8 PRSOVERALL SUITS6 PCSHAND CLEANER5 LTRS1 PCSPLASTIC WASTE BAGS10 BAGS10 BAGSDECK BOX C/W ROLL WASTE BAGS1 PCPLASTIC BUCKET15 LTRS4 PCSNON-SPARK/ANTISTATIC SHOVEL-SAFETY HATS4 PCSWILDEN M-1 PNEUMATIC PUMP1 PCSNON-SPARK/ANTISTATIC HAND SCOOP4 PCSNON-SPARK/ANTISTATIC SQUEEGEE6 PCSNON-SPARK/ANTISTATIC BROOM4 PCSPROTECTIVE VENTED GOGGLES4 PCSSUCTION HOSE WITH FITTINGS10 MTR1 PCSDISCH. HOSE WITH FITTINGS25 MTR1 PCSAIR HOSE WITH FITTINGS30 MTR1 PCS

1.7 ??????????? ?????????????? ? ?????????? ????????

?????????? ????????

???????? ????? ?/? CSL METIS???? 11.12.2013

???????? ?6WK6 ??????? 69039 ???? ??? ????????? 1981; ?????????? 2007

??????: ?????? - 11,51 ?????? - 10,30 ?

????????????? - 39820 ?

??????????? ?????

????? ?????????? 230,08 ???????? ??????????:

?????? 32,22 ?????? 12 ??????

??????? ????? ??/????????? 12 ??????

(1 ?????? = 27,5 ?)

??? ????????? MITSUI B&W,6L80GFCA ???????????? ???????? 11912 kW (16200 hp)

?????????????? ???????? ??????????

??? ????: ????-???????????

????? ?????????? ? ????? ?? ????: 17 ???

???????????? ???? ??????????: 37°

?????? ????????? ???? ??? ??????????? ??????? ??? ?????: 0°

????????????? ?????????? : ??????? 1500 kW, ???????? ____

????? ?????? ? ?????? ??: 20 ???

?????? ???????? ?????? - ?????? ??????: 10 ??? 12 ???

???????????? ?????????? ???????????????? ???????? 12 ???

??????????? ????? ???????? ? ???????? 29,5 / 3 ??/???,/???

???????? ?? ?? ? % ?? ???????? ?? ?? 70 %

??????? 1.1.1 - ????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????????.

??????????? ????? ????/??? ???????????? ?????, ???? ?????? ???????????????? ??????9014,015,2???????? ?????? ???????????7011,012,0???????? ???????558,59,0???????? ?????455,06,0???????? ????? ?????353,53,5?????? ????? ?????35?????? ?????45?????? ???????55?????? ??????70

?????? - 2 ???????? ?????????? 1

??????? - 2 ????? ??????? ????????? ???????

??? 3?? - 1 10 ?? -1??????????: ?????????? - 3

???? ????????????? - 3

????????????: ??/?????????? ???????? ???????? - ????

????????: ??????????????????? ????????????? - ????

????

??????

???????? ??????????? +0,1???????? ??? ????? 3

???????? ???????? - 1???????? ?????????????? - ????

2.????????????? ?????????? ? ????????

2.1 ????? ?????????? ? ???????????? ????????

????? ??????? ? ???? ?? ????? ??????????? ??????? ???????? ??????????? ???????????? ???????? ??????????? ????-98.

?????? ????????

????? ????????? ????????? ??????? ?????????? ???? ?????????? ??? ????????. ??????????? ??????? ??????????? ????????? ?? ?????? ????????? ??????????:

. ??????? ????;

. ????????????? ?????;

. ????????? ????;

. ??????? ? ???????????????? ?????;

. ????? ? ???????????????? ??????, ????????????? ???;

. ??????????? ??? ???????? ? ?????;

. ?????? ????? ? ??????;

. ??????? ????????;

. ?????? ???????;

. ????????? ?????????????? (???????, ??????? ????????? ? ????????? ?? ??????????);

. ?????????? ?? ????? (??????? ??????? ?????????? ???????? ????? (????) ? ????? ???????);

. ?????????? ?? ???????, ???????????? ? ????????????. ??????, ????????? ???? ? ????????? ??????? ??????????;

. ??????????? ??????????? ?????;

. ??????? ??????????;

. ???????????? ?????????? ?? ??????????? ???????? ?????????;

. ????? ? ??????? ??????????????;

. ?????? ???????????????? ????????? ? ?????????? ?????????????;

. ??????????? ?????????????? ?????;

. ?????? ?????;

. ?????????? ??????????????;

. ??????????? ?? ?????? ? ????;

. ???????????? ????.

??????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?? ??? ???, ???? ?? ????? ??????? ??? ????????? ??????????, ??????????? ? ?????, ??????? ????????? ????? ? ??????????. ??? ???? ?????? ???????? ??????? ???????:

. ??????? ??????? ?????????;

. ???????? ??????????;

. ?????????????? ????????????;

. ??????;

. ?????????????? ??????????;

. ??????????????? ??????????;

. ??????????, ?????? ????? ? ????????????? ?????????? ??? ????? (?? ?????????? ?? ???????);

. ?????????? ????????????;

. ?????????????????? ???????.

?? ????????? ???? ????????? ?????????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????????. ??? ???? ??????????????? ?????????? ????? ???????, ??????????? ?????????? ??????? ? ??????? ?? ??????? ? ?????? ?????????? ??????. ?? ???? ?????????? ???????????? ????????? ????? ??????. ??? ???????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ????, ??????? ?????? ???? ???????? ???????????? ????????. ??????? ???????? ???? ?????????? ?? ??????????. ?????? ?????????? ???? ?? ?????????? ?? ?????? ????? ?????????? ?? ???????. ??? ?? ?????, ???????????? ???????? ????? ?????????? ? ??????? ??????????? ???? ? ??????? ???????? ???? ?????.

?? ???????? ? ???????? ??????????????? ????, ??? ???????, ?????????? ???? ?? ????????? ?????????:

???????? ?? ???????????;

???????? ?? ???? ???????? ????? (???), ??????????? ?????????? ?????;

????????? ????????, ?????????? ? ???? ???????? ?? ??? ? ???????? ?? ???????????;

??????????? ????????????? ???? ? ?????? ?????????????? ??? ?????????????? ??????;

??????????? ????, ?????????? ? ?????????????? ????????????? ?????????????? ? ?????? ?????????????????????? ????????: ????????????? ?????, ???? ??????????? ????????, ???????? ?????, ??????? ??????????????? ?????, ??????????? ???????;

?????????????? ??????????????????? ?????????, ????????? ??????????? ? ?????????????;

??????????? ????????? ????????? ??????, ????????? ? ??????? ??????????????, ??????????? ????????????? ??????????;

??????????? ????, ?????????? ?? ????????????? ???????????????? ????????? ??????.

??? ?????????? ????? ???????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ????? ???????? ??????? ????, ??????????? ?? ?????????????? ?????????? ?? ????????? ????? ? ??????????. ????? ??????? ??????????? ?????? ? ???????? ??? ???????? ?????????? ????????.

??? ??????? ?????????? ???????????? ??????? ? ???????, ??????? ????????????? ????????????? ??? ???????? ? ???????, ? ?????????? ????????????? ? ?????????? ????????. ??? ???????????? ??????????????? ???????????????? ?????? ?????? ??????????.

?????? ?????? ??????????? ????????, ??????? ?????????? ???? ????????? ? ???? ??????? ??????????????? ?? ?? ????????? ??????????? ????, ??????? ?????? ????????? ??? ?????????? ????????, ???????? ?????? ??????????????? ?? ???? ????????

? ??? ?????????: ??????? ??????, ?????????, ??????????? ???????? ?? ??????? ???, ?????? ???????? ???????, ?????? ??????? ???? ? ?????? ? ??????, ??????? ???????? ????, ????? ??????? ???????? ? ???????? ??? ???, ?????????? ? ??????????? ??????????????? ?????, ???????? ???? ? ????, ???????? ????????? ?????????????? ? ???????????? ?????, ??????? ????, ???????, ???????, ?????? ????????? ??????.

??? ??????????? ???????? ? ???????????? ? ???????? ???????? ????? ?? ????????? ????? ???????? ?????? ??????????? ???? ? ?????????? ??? ????????. ??????????????, ?????? ? ?????????? ????????????? ??????? ????, ?????????? ? ??????? ?? ??????????? ???? ??????????? ? ???????????? ? ???????????? ?????? ?????????? ? ???????? ?? ????????.

?????????????, ???? ??????? ????????????? ??? ???????????, ??????? ????? ? ??????? ?? ??????????? ???????? ? ?????????? ???????????? ? ???????? ??????????? ??? ????????? ?????.

????????? ??????????? ??? ??????? ???????? ???????? ???? ? ????. ????? ??????????? ????????? ???????:

? ????? ????? ???????? ?? ????? «??????? ?????? ????????», ??????? ??????? ? ?????? ?????, ???????????? ?????? ????? ????????;

? ????????? ????? ???????? ?? ???????? ????? ??????? ?????? ????, ??????????? ? ?????? ??????? «?????», ???????????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???????????? ?????? ????????;

? ??? ?? ??????? «?????» ?? ?????????? ??????? ?????? ???????????

? ???????????? ?????? ??????????? ???? ?? ???????? ????????; ??????? ???????????? ?????? ??????????? ????, ?? ??????? ??????????? ?????? ?????? ? ???????, ? ????? ?????? ??????, ??????? ? ??????? ????;

?? ?????????? ??????? ?? ??????? ????????? ?????????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????, ????????? ??????????? ????????? ?? ?????????? ? ??? ????????????? ????? ?????????????? ??? ?????????? ?? ?? ??????? ????????????? .

???? ?????????????? ???????? ??????, ?? ???????????? ????????? ????? ? ????? ??? ????????????? ?????? ??????.

??? ??????? ????? ? ?????? ?????????? ??? ???????? ?????????? ???????? «?????» ???????? ???? ? ????. ??????? ?????, ???????? ????? ? ?????? ? ?????? ?????????? ??????? ?? ??????????????? ??????? ?????? ? ??????? «?????», ? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ???????? ?????? ???? ???????.

????????????? ???????? ????????, ?????????? ?? ?????????? ???? ? ?????????? ??? ????????, ??????????? ???????? ?? ?????????? ????????????? ?????????? ? ?????? ???????????? ????????, ?????????? ? ???? ?????????? ??????????.

??????? ????????? ???? ?????? ????????? ?????????????? ?? ?????? ?????????????. ????????????? ?? ?????????????????? ???? ?? ?????? ???????? ?? ???????????.

????? ? ???? ?? ????? ??????????? ????? ?????????????? ?????? ??? ??????? ??????? ???? ??????????? ????, ?????????????? ???????????? ???????? ?? ???????????? ????????.

? ?????? ?????????? ?? ????? ??????????? ???? ???????? ? ????????????? ?? ????????? ? ????? ???????????, ?????? ???? ??????? ??? ???? ??? ????????? ??????????? ???? ? ????????????? ?????? ??????.

??????? ???????, ??? ??? ??????? ????????? ??????? ? ??????? ????????????? ???, ??????? ?????? ?? ???????? ??????????, ??????????? ? ???????? ??? ?????????? ?? ????? ?????????? ?????????????? ? ????????????? ???????????????, ?? ???????? ?? ???????????.

??? ?????? ?? ????? ???????? ?? ????? ? ? ??????? ??????? ????? ??????? ????? ? ????? ???????? 1:50 000 ? ???????, ??? ???????? ? ????????? ??????? - ??????? ????? ???????? 1:100 000 - 1:250 000, ??? ???????? ? ???????? ???? - ????? ???????? 1:250 000 - 1:500 000 ??? ???????????? ?????-?????.

????? ???????????? ?????, ? ??????? ??????? ?????, ?????? ???? ??????? ?? ????. ????????????? ???????? ????????, ???????? ?????? ???? ? ?????????? ??? ????????, ?????? ???????? ???????? ????? ? ??????? ??????????? ? ??????? ???? ?? ???? ????? ???????????? ????????, ??????? ???? ? ?????? ???????, ???? ??????????? ?????????? ??? ???????? ? ????????????? ???????.

?????? ????, ?????????? ? ??????? ??? ???????? ?? ???????? ??????? (??????????? ?? ???????? ???? ? ???? ¹7202 ? Catalogue of Admiralty charts and publications ¹ 131).

???????????? ???????? ?? ??????? ?? ??????? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ???????????? ??????? ?????????? ????? ? ???????????? ?????? ? ????. ????????? ?????? ???? ?????? ????????? ?? ????? ? ? ????????????? ???????? ?????????? ?????????.

??? ???????, ???????? ? ?????? ?????, ?????????? ?? ?????????? ??????, ???????? ?????? ???????? ? ?????? ?????? ??????????? ???????????????? ???????? ????? ??????? ? ?????? ???????? ?? ????????? ????????. ????? ????????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????????? ???????? ?????????? ??? ????????? ????????? ? ????????? ????? ??????, ????????? ? ??????????? ? ????????????? ??????????, ? ????? ??????????? ????, ?????????? ? ?????????? ??????. ? ? ????? ????????, ????????????? ??? ??????????? ?????, ?????? ? ??????????? ???????, ?????? ??? ??????, ?????????? ?? ????????, ?????? ????????? ???????????. ??????, ???? ????? ?????? ????? ???????? ??? ???????? ????????? ????????, ?????????? ????????? ?????????? ???????? ? ?????? ??????. ????????? ?????????? ????????? ????? ???????, ????? ????? ?????? ?????????? ? ?????????? ?????, ????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ???? ????????, ? ??? ??????? ????????? ?? ???????, ???????? ? ????? ??????????????? ????????????? ??????, ????????? ??? ?????? ????? ?????, ???? ??????????. ?????????? ????? ???????? ?????????? ????????? ?? ?????? ????? ? ????, ??? ???? ?? ?????? ???????? ?? ??????? ????????, ??? ????????? ??????????? ??????? ?? ?????. ? ?????????? ????? ????????? ?????? ???? ????????? ?? ????????????? ?????? ???????, ???????, ????????? ??? ????????, ?????? ?????????. ?????????? ??????????? ??????????? ?????????????? ?????, ???????? ??????? ???????, ?????????? ?? ????? ????, ????????? ?? ?????????? ????????. ???? ???????? ?????? ??????????????? ??????????? ? ?????? ???????? ?????-72, ????????? ??????????? ?????, ???????.

???????????? ???????? ????? ????????? ?? ??? ??????:

??????? ??????? ? ???????? ?????;

?????????? ???????? ? ???????? ? ?????? ???.

????????? ??? ??? ?????? ????????? ? ???????? ?????????. ??? ?????????? ????? ???????? ?????????? ????????? ?? ???????? ?????????:

??????????????? ??????? ??? ????? ? ??????? ????? ????????;

?????????? ?????? ?? ???? (??????????), ??????? ??????? ?? ???????? ???????? ?? ??????????, ? ??? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ? ???????? ?????, ????????;

?????????? ?????? ??-?? ??????????? ????? ? ??????????, ????????? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ???????;

??????????????? ?????????? ?? ??????????, ???????? ?? ???????? ??????, ???????-???????? ???????, ????????? ???????? ?????, ?????????? ?????? ??? ???????????, ??????? ?????????? ???? ? ???????????? ????????????? ???????;

????????? ?????? ? ??????, ??????? ????? ??????? ?????????????? ??? ?????? ?????? ? ?????????? ????????;

????? ????, ??????? ?? ?????? ??????????? ? ??????????? ?????? ????????;

????? ?????????? ???????? ? ?????????? ??????? 10 ?????-72;

???????-???????? ?????????? ? ??????? ???????????? ????????? ???????? ?? ????? ??????????? ???????, ??????? ????????? ??????????? ETD/ETA ? ????? ? ?.?.;

?????????? ???????? ?? ????? ????????, ???? ?? ?????? ???????? (???????? ???????? ?????? ???? ?????????????), ??????????? ???, ???????? ?? ???????? ?????????? ?????????;

??????? ??????????? ???????, ? ?????? ?????? ???????, ??? ????????? ? ??????????? ???????;

????? ???????, ??????? ???, ????????? ??? ???????? ?? ??????? ?????????? ????????, ?????? ???????????? ??????????, ????? ?????? ??????? ? ????????;

??????????? ???????? ????? ???????? ????? ?????? ? ?????????? ?????? ? ?????? ?????????????? ?????????????: ??????, ?????? ?? ????? ???????? ??? ??????????, ??????? ????????????? ??? ?????? ?????????;

????????????? ????????? ? ????????? ??????? ???????????;

?????????? ?? ???? ???????? ??????????? ????;

??? ????? ? ???????, ????????? ? ????????????, ???????????????? ?? ???? ??????;

????????? ????????????;

??????????? ???????? ?????????? ?????? ?? ???? ???????? ????????, ????????? ??????????? ???????? ? ??????????;

??????????? ???? ?????????? ???????? (?? ???? ???????? ?????, ??????????? ??? ????????? ???????);

??? ??????????? ???????? ?????????? ???????? ??????? ?? ??????, ????????? ???????, ??????? ????? ???? ?? ???? ?????????? ? ?????? ????? ????.

??????? ?????? ????? ?????????, ??? ???? ???????? ???????? ? ????????? ??? ??? ??????????, ? ?????????, ??????? ??????? ?????, ??????? ??????? ??????????? ????.

2.2 ?????? ???????????? ????????

????????? ?????????? ???????? ??????????

?????????????? ????

??? ??????????? ???????????? ???????? ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ????????? ???? ? ??????? ??????????? ????? ? ??????????? ??? ????????, ???????????? ???????? ??????? ??? ????? ???????????? ??????? ???????????? ????????????? (????) ? ?????? ???? ?????, ????? ?????????, ??????????? ????? ?? ??? ??? ???? ?????????? ?????, ? ????? ????????? ????????? ????????? ??????? ????????. ??????? ????? ????? ????????? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ??????????. ????? ? ??????????? ??? ????????, ???????????? ???????????? ?????????????? ????? ???????? ??????????. ????? ?????????, ????????? ????????? ?????? ???? ? ??????? ?? ?????, ??? ?????????, ? ????? ???????? ??????? ?? ??????? ??? ???????????? ???????? ? ???????? ???????????? ?? ??????????. ????????? ???? ? ?????????? ??? ????????, ?????????? ??????? ???????????? ? ???????? ???????????? ??? ??????? ????? ?????????? ??? ?????????? ??????? ?????????.

????????????? ??????? ?????;

??????????????? (??);

????? ?????????????????????? ????????? ??? ??????? ? ????????, ?????????, ????????, ?????, ??????, ???????, ?? ??????? ?????????????????????? ???????? ? ?. ?.;

????????? ?????, ??????????????? ??? ????????? ???????????? ?????? ????? ?????? ? ?????? ?????????;

????? ??? ????????? ???? ???????? ?????;

????????????? ????????;

??????????? ? ??????? ??? ????????: ?????, ???????? ????? ? ??????, ???????? ?????, ?????????? ??????? ????????????? ? ?????????????????????? ????????? ??? ??????????????, ?????????? ???????????? ???????????? ?????????????????????? ???????? (??? ??????? ???????????? ??????????);

??????? ????????;

?????????????????????? ?????? ? ???????;

????????? ?????????? ??????? - ????????? ???? ????. ????????????? ??????? ??? ?????????????? ???????????? ????? ? ???? (?????-72), ????????????? ???? ???????? (???), ??????? ??????????. ??????? ??????????????? ????????? (???), ??-75, ?????? ? ??????? ?????? (???-58), (???) ? ??????.

??? ?????????????? ?????????? ?????????????? ? ???? ?????????? ? ????????????? ?????????? ?????? ??????????? ????????????? ??????? - ?????????? ?????????????? ????? ??? ?????????? ???????????? ?????????, ?? ??????? ? ???????????? ??????? ???????????? ??????????? ?????????? ???? ????????????? ??????? ? ? ?????? ??????? ????????? ???? ? ????.

???????? ? ???? ???? ? ?????????? ??? ???????? ?? ?????. ???????????? ??????? ???????????? ???? ? ?????????? ??? ???????? ??? ?? ???????? ?? ????? ?????????? ??????, ? ?? ?????? ?????????????? ??? ??????? ????? (??? ????? ?????) ????????.

??????????? ??????? ? ????????????? ??????????? ?????? ?????, ??????? ???????????????? ????????? ? ???? ??????????, ??? ?????? ?? ?????????? ?????????? ????????? ?????????.

????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ????????? ? ?????? ???????????? ?????, ???? ?? ?????????? ??????????????? ?????????, ??? ? ???????; ??????????? ??? ???????? - ? ?????? ??? ?? ??????????? ??????. ??????????? ????? (??? ?????? ?????????, ? ??????? ???????? ????? ? ??????????? ??? ????????) ???????? ????????? ??????????, ??????? ??????? ? ??????? ???????????? ????????? ?????.

??? ?? ?????????? ??????? ????? ??????? ?????????, ?? ??????????? ? ??????????? ?? ?????? ?????????????, ???????????? ???????? ?? ?????????? ?????????? ???????? ?? ??????? ????????? ????????.

???? ???? ???? ? ?????????? ??? ???????? ??????? ?? ????? ? ????????? ???? ? ????. ??? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ???????? ???? ? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ? ?????????? ??? ???????? ?????? ???? ?????????? ? ????? ???????.

???????? ???? ? ?????????? ??? ????????.

???????????? ? ?? ????????? ?????? ?????????? ???? ? ?????????? ??? ????????, ??????? ???????? ??????? ?? ????????????. ??? ???????, ????? ?????????? ?????? ????? ??????? ? ???? ????? ???? ? ?????????? ??? ???????? ?? ?? ?? ??????. ? ?????????? ?????????? ? ?????? ????? ???? ? ?????????? ??? ???????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ?????????? ????????????? ?? ???? ???????? ????? ? ? ??? ?????????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????????? ???? ???????.

??? ? ??????????? ??? ????????, ????????? ? ??????????, ????? ???????? ????????. ??????????? ???? ?????? ?????, ????? ???? ??? ????????? ????????? ? ?????????? ? ?????????? ?????????? ?????? ????? ? ?????-???? ?????? ,????? ??????? ?? ??? ?????????. ????? ????????????? ?? ????? ?????????? ? ??????? ??? ???????? (?????, ???????? ????? ? ??????, ????????? ? ?. ?.) ???????????? ?? ????????????..

??????????? ?????????? ???????? ???? ? ?????????? ??? ???????? ???????????? ?????? ????? ????????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ? ?????????? ??? ???????? ?????? ????????????.

??????????.

?????????????? ?????????? ???? ? ?????????? ??? ???????? ?????????????? ?????????? ?? ????????? ?? ?????? ?????????? ??????? ????????????? ?????, ?? ????? ???????? ? ?????? ????????? ? ???????; ? ????? - ? ??????? ?????. ????? ???????, ???????????? ???????????? ??????????? ??????? ?? ??????????????? ? ???????? ??????????? ???? ? ?????????? ??? ???????? ?? ?????? ?????????????. ??????????????? ??????????? ? ?????????? ???????? ?? ?????? ? ? ???????????? ??? ???????? ? ????? ??????????? ?? ??????????? ?? ?????? ?????????????, ?. ?. ?????????? ?? ? ???????????? ? ?????????????? ??????????? ?? ???? '(?? ?????????), ?????????? ???????????.

?????????? ??????? ?? ???????? ????????? ??????????? ?????, ??????? ?????????? ? ??????????? ?????????, ???????????? ?? ?????????, ? ????????????? ?????????? ?????????? ????????? ?? ????? ? ??????????? ??? ????????.

???? ?????? ?? ?????????? ????????? ?????????? ???? ? ?????????? ??? ???????? ??????? ?????????. ?????????? ????? ?????????? ???????? ??????????? ?????????? ???????????????? ???????, ??????????? ????????? ??????? ?????? ????????, ????????? ?????????, ???????? ? ?. ?. ?????????? ????? ??????? ?????????? ??????????, ??????????? ? ??????????? ? ?????.

??? ???????????? ????? ?? ????????????? ?????????? ???? ? ?????????? ??? ???????? ????? ????????? ?? ??? ???????? ????? - ??????????? ? ??????? ??????????.

??????????? ???? ? ?????????? ??? ???????? - ??? ???? ?????, ??????? ?? ??????????? ???????????? ?????????? ?? ??????? ?????????????????? ?????????? ???? ?????????? ? ??????? (??????) ? ???.

??????? ?????????? - ??? ???????????? ??????????, ???????????? ?????? ? ??????????? ?? ????.

?????????? ??????????? ??? ???????? ? ??? ???????, ????? ????? ??????????? ????????? 15% ?????? ?????? ???????????. ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ???????????? ?????????? ??? ???????? ?????????? ??????? ?????????? ??????????? ??? ????????????? ?????.

??????????? ???? ? ??????????? ?? ????????? ? ?????? ??????????? ??????? ?? ??? ???? - ????? ???????, ????? ?????????? ? ???????.

????? ???????? ????? ???????? ? ??? ???????, ????? ???????????, ????????? ???????????, ??? ?? ????? ???? ???????? ?????, ??? ????? ???????????? ????? ???????????? ?????????? ????. ???????????, ????????? ? ?????????? ????????????? ?????? (????????? ???????????????? ?????), ????? ???????? ????????????? ???????? ????? ????? ????????.

?? ??????, ?????????? ????? ????????, ??? ?????? ?????? ???????? ??????? «????? ??????? (????)». ???? ?????? ??????? ?????????? ????? ??????????? ????? ? ???? ?????????? ????????? ??????? ??. ?? ?????? ?????, ???????????? ????? ?? ?????????? ?????? ?????????? ??? ????????????? ?????, ? ??? ????????? ? ??.

? ????? ??????????? ????? ???????? ?? ???? ?????????????? ?????????? ??????? ? ????????????? ?? ?????????? ?? ?????? ???? ? ????? ??????????? ?????????? ?????? ???? ???? ???????? ?????????? ??? ????????????? ??? ??????? ?????????? ?? ???????.

??????? ???????? ?? ????? ? ??? ???????, ????? ????????? ??????? ????? ???????????, ????? ??????????, ??????? ?? ????? ???? ????????? ? ?? ? ? ?? ?? ????? ?? ???????? ????????????? ? ??????????? ?????. ?? ???? ????? ????? ?????????? ?? ???? ?????? ???????? ?? ????? 15?25 ?? ??????. ??? ????????????? ??????????? ?? ??????? ?????, ??????????? ??????? ???? ??????, ????? ??????????.

??????? ?????????? ???? ? ?????????? ??? ???????? ?????????????? ?? ????????? ???????? ???????????? ?????????? ? ??????????? ?????????????????? ?????????.

?? ???? ?????????? ?????????? ???????? ?????? ??? ?????????? ??????? ?????????? ? ???????????? ??? ????????, ?????????? ??? ??????????, ??????? ????????? ? ?? ??? ??????? ??????????? ????? ??? ???????. ?????? ??????????? ??????? ?????????? ???????? ??? ?? ?????????? ???? ?????? ?????????? ??????? ??????????. ?????????? ? ??????? ?????????? ??????????? ? ????? ????, ? ????? ??? ???? ???????????? ? ??. ???? ?????????? ???????????? ?????????, ?? ??? ?????? ? ????????????? ????. ?????????? ?? ? ??????? ?????????? ?? ??????????. ????? ??????? ?????????, ??????????, ??? ???????, ????????, ???????????? ???????? ??? ?????????? ?????????? ? ??????. ????? ? ???????????, ??? ???????, ?????????? ?? ????? ??????? ?????, ??? ???? ??????????? ?????? ??????? ??? ???????? ??????????? ? ????? ????? ????? ?????????.

??? ?????????? ?????????? ?????????? ?????????? ??? ???????? ? ????? ?????????? ?????????? ?????? ????????????, ?????????? ? ????? ?????????????? ???????? ? ?????????????? ????????.

? ?????? ? ???? ?????????? ? ??????? ????????? ??????????? ? ??. ??????????? ??? ???????? ?? ??????? ??????????? ? ??????????? ? ???? ?? ??????????????, ?? ?????????? ? ?????????? ?? ???? ???????????..

? ?????????? ???? ? ?????????? ??? ???????? ?? ????? ?? ?????????? ??????? ?????????? ?????????? ?? ?????, ????????? ??????? ???????? ???????????? ????????? ? ??????????? ?????????????????? ?????????

???????? ? ???????????? ?????????

????????? ????????? ????????????? ??????????? ???????? ??, ??????? ????????? ? ?????????? ????????? ? ???, ? ????? ????????? ???? ??????? ?????????? ? ?????????? ? ???????????? ??? ????????.

????????? ??????????????. ?? ???????????? ????? ???????? ?????????? ?? ?????????? ? ??? ? ?????, ?? ???????????? ????????????? ??????????, ? .?????? ??????????? ? ???????????????, ??????? ????????? ? ??????? ????????, ? ????? ???????? ?? ???????? ????? ???? ? ?????????? ??? ????????, ?? ???????? ????????? ???? ? ?????????? ??? ???????? ?? ???????????? ? ?????????? ??? ?? ???, ??????? ???????? ? ????. ??? ???????? ? ????? ????????? ?? ?????????????? ???????? ?? ?????????? ? ????????????? ?????????? ? ?????? ???????? ?? ????? ? ??????? ? ???????????? ?????????? ???? ? ?????????? ??? ???????? ? ????????? ????????????? ?????????????? ? ??????????????? ?? ?????.

? ?? ??????????? ?????????? ?? ?????????? ????????????? ?????????? ?? ????? ? ???????.

??????? ?? ????????????? ?????????? ??? ??????? ???? ?????, ? ???????? ??? ????????????? ????????? (?? ????????), ? ??????? ?????????? ????????? ??????????????? ??????? ??.

????????? ???? ???????, ?? ??????? ???????: ????? ??????? ? ????; ?????? ??????????? ? ??????? ??, ??????? XIII ? ????? ????? ????????? ??????????? ????????? (??????? ????????? ??????, ??????????, ?????, ??????????? ? ??.), ??????????? ??? ??????????? ????????????? ?????????? ???????. ? ?????? ????? ?????????? ????? ?????? ????????? ????? ?????? ?????????? ??? ??????????????.

??????????, ?????????????? ????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ???????.

???????? ????, ?????????? ? ??????? ??? ????????, ?????????? ?????????? ?? ??????? ???????. ? ????? ??????? ????????? ? ??????? ??????????? ?????????????? ?????? ??? ????, ??????? ???????? ?????????? ?? ??????? ???????. ????? ????, ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ??????????? ?????? ??, ?? ??????? ?????? ????? ???? ??????????????.

??? ???? ?????????? ??? ???????? ????? ? ?? ?????????????? ??????? ??????????? ??? ??????? ????? ? ?????? ??, ?? ??????? ?????? ??????????? ??????? ????????????????.

?????? ??, ???????????? ????????, ????????? ? ????????? ? ??????????????? ??.

?????????????????? ???????????? ?? ?? ??????? ??????? ???????????? ????? ???????? ?????????????? ??????? (???????, ?????, ?? ???????? ? ?. ?.); ?????? ?? ???????? ??????? ???????? ???????, ?? ??????? ???????? ??, ??????????? ? ????? ??????????????? ??????. ???? ?? ??????? ?????? ? ??????? ?? ???, ?? ?????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ???????.

????? II - «?????????? ????» - ???????? ???????? ??? ?????????? ???. ? ??? ?????????? ??????????????? ?? ????? ? ??????? ??????, ??????? ????????? ?? ???????? ?????????????? ? ???????????? ??????????????? ??? ??????? ?????????? ????. ????????? ?????? ?? ?? ??????????? ?????????????????, ???????????: ?????????? ????????? ?????????, ?????? ?? ??????????? ? ??????? ??? ????????; ???????? ??? ?????????? ?????????? ?????? ???????????? ??????? - ???????, ??????????, ?????????, ??????????? ? ??.; ?????? ?????????????? ???????? ????? ????????????? ???????? ?????, ??????????? ?? ???. ?????????? ???????? ?????? ? ?????????, ??????????????? ???????? ????? ???????? ???????? ????????, ?? ??????? ???? ?????? ???????. ????? ??????? ??????? ?? ?????????? ?????? ????, ?? ??????? ??????? ???????? ??????????? ??????????. ?????? ??????????? ????? ????? ???????? ???????? ????????. ????????? ????? ?????????? ? ??????? ?????????? ????????.

? ????? ?????? ?????????? ??????????? ?????? «??????????, ??????????? ?? ????? ??????? ???????».

????? III - «?????????? ?????????? ? ??????? ??? ????????» - ?????????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ????? ? ????? ???? ???????????? ? ???????? ?????? ? ??????????????? ????? ??????? ???????. ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????????? ????????, ?????????????? ?????? ? ??? ??????? ?????????? ??? ????????, ?? ??????? ?????? ???? ??????? ??????????? ??????????. ?????????? ???????????? ?? ????? ??????????: ??? ????? ??????????? ????????; ??? ???????? ??? - ?????; ??? ???????? ????? - ???????? ? ?????; ??? ?????? - ????????.

?? ?????? ????????? ?? ?????????????? ?? ??????????, ????????? ? ???????????????.

?????????? ?? ???????? ????????????? ????????, ?? ?????????????? ?????? ??????????: ????????? ?? ?????????? ? ???, ???????????????? ? ????????? ???????????; ????????? ?? ??????????? ????????????? ??????????; ????????? ? ?????? ?????????? ? ? ??????? ? ?????? ??????? ???????? ? ?. ?.

????????? ?? ???????? ???????? ? ????????????????? ?????????? ? ????????????? ??????????: ???????? ?? ?????????? ??? ?????????? ? ??????? ???, ????????? ? ?????????? ????????? ???, ????????? ? ??????? ? ?????? ??????? ???????? ? ?? ??????????.

? ??????????? ?????? ?????????? ?? ?????? ???? (?). ???? ? ?????? ????????? ?????? ???? ??? ????????, ?? ??? ?????? ?? ????????, ??? ??? ????????????? ?????????? ???? ???? ?? ????????? ?????????? ? ??? ?????. ???? ? ?????? ?????????? ?? ???? ??? ???????? ?? ??????, ?? ??? ?????? ?????? ???????? ??? ???????? ?????? ?????????? ??????????.

????????? ??????, ????? ????????? ?????? ?? ??? ?????????? ???? ? ?????????? ??? ????????, ? ????? ??? ????????? ???????? ?? ??? ??????????? ???????????; ?? ?????? ?????????? ????????? ??? ???? ? ??? - ?? ?????? ????????? ? ?? ???.

? ?????????? ? ??????? ??????????? ?????????????? ??????? ?????????? ????? ? ??????????? ??? ???????? ? ??????????? ?????? ??, ?? ??????? ??? ?????? ???? ????????????????. ? ????????? ???????? ??? ?????? ?? ?????????? ?? ?? ?????????, ????? ??????????. ????? ??????? ? ???????????? ??? ???????? ?????????? ? ????????? ???????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??, ??????? ???????????? ????? ????, ????????? ? ??????????.

???????? ???? ? ?????????? ??? ????????, ?????????? ?????????? ?? ???????? ?? ?? ??????, ?????????, ???????? ? ????????? ????????? ???????? - ???????? ?? ?????? ?????????. ????? ??? ?? ? ????? ???? ????????? ???????? ?? ???????? ???.

? ????? ??????? ????????? ?????????? ???????? ???????, ??????????? ? ?? ????? ?? ?? ????????? ??? ???.

?????????? ? ???????????? ??? ???????? ? ??????? ?????????? ????? ???????? ???????????? ????????? ????????????? ???????????.

???????? ? ??????????? ?????????? ? ???? ???????? ? ??????? ? ????????? ???????????, ?????????? ?? ????? ??????? ????? ??? ???????? ????????? ? ?????????????? ???????? ???????????. ??? ?????????? ?????????? ?????????? ??? ???????? ? ??????????? ? ??? ??????????? ???????? ? ??????, ? ??????? ????????? ?????? ???????????. ?????? ?; ???????????? ?????? ????? ????????? ????? ??????? ????. ? ???? ?????? ??????????????? ???? ?????????? ???????? ? ????? ??????; ????? ???? ?????????? ??????????? ?? ??????????????? ???????? ??????????????? ???????????.

? ?????????? ?? ???????? ?????? ?? ????????? ???? ? ????? ?????????? ?????? ? ???????? ??????, ? ????? ????? ?????. ????? ????????, ? ????? ????????, ?????????? ??? ?????????? ????? ??????????????? ??????????, ????????? ? ?????????? ??????.

??? ?????????? ?????? ?? ????????? ??????????? ??????????? ? ?????? ?????????? ???????? ??????????.

??????? ?????????? ? ???????????? ??? ???????? ???????? ??????????, ??????? ???? ????????? ? ?? ??? ??????? ??????????? ????? ??? ??????? ??? ????? ??????? ?????????? ?????????? ? ????. ?????? ??????????? ??????? ?????????? ???????? ? ???? ??? ?? ?????????? ???? ?????? ??????????. ????????? ??, ??????????? ??? ?????????? ???? ?????, ?????????? ? ?????? ????????????? ????? ?????????? ?? ??????? ???????; ????????? ? ??????????????? ?? ? ??????? ?????????? ?? ??????????. ???? ?????? ??????????? ????????? ???????????????? ?? ??, ?? ??????? ?????????? ???????????? ?????? ??? ???????? ??????????? ??????????. ??????? ?????????? ? ???????????? ??? ????????, ??? ???????, ???????? ????????.

?????????? ?? (Admiralty Notices to Mariners) ???????? ?????????? ??????????????? ? ???? ???????????? ????? ? ??????? ?????????????? ?? (???). ????? ????, ????? ?????? ????????? ?????????? (Supplements) ? ?????????? ?????? ??????????? ??????? ???????? ????????? (????????? ???? ???).

????? ??? (Weekly Edition) ????????????? ??? ?????????? ???? ???? ? ?????????? ??? ????????, ?????????? ?????????? ???????????????. ??????? ¹, 1-52 ????? ??? ???????????? ????? ???????????? ????????, ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ??????.. ????????? ?? (Index), ???????? ? ?????? ??????, ??????? ?? ????????? ????????? ??? ? ??????? ????' ? ??????????? ? ??????????? ?????????????? ??????????, ??????????????? ????????? ? ??? ? ????????? ????????? ????, ?????????? ???????????.. ????????? (Admiralty Notices to Mariners) ? ??????? ????????? ? ????????? ??????. ? ?????? ?????? ????????'? ????? ? ??????? ?????? ? ????????????, ? ?????? ? ????????????, ??????? ?????????? ? ??????????? ???????? ??????, ????? ? ?????? ? ???????????? ?????? ??????? ?, ???????, ????????? ? ????????? ?????. -. ????????????? ??????????????, ???????????? ?? ????? (Radio Navigational Warnings) .?? ???????????? ?????????????? ??????? - Navarea I-XVI, Naveasts, Navaus, Hydropacs, Hydro-lants. IV. ??????????? ? ??????? ? ?????????? ?????????????? ¹ 6 - ??????, ??????? ?? ??? (Amendments to Chinpacs and Notices to Mariners ¹ 6, Areas dangerous due to Mines).. ?????????? ?????????????? ???????? ????? ? ???????? ???????? (Corrections to Admiralty List of Lights and Fog Signals) ?????????? ?? ?????, ???????? ? ????? ????????.. ?????????? ?????????????? ???????? ????????????? ? ????????? ?????????????? ¹ 3, ?? ? 3? - ??????????? ????????????? ?????????? ???????? ????? (Corrections to Admiralty List of Radio Signals and Notices to Mariners ¹ 3, ?? and 3B - official Radio Messages to British Merchant Ships). ??? ???????? ?????????? (?????????, ???????????) ?????? ?1-VI ?????????? ?? ????? ??????? ?????; ??????? ????? ???? ??? ??????????, ??? ? ? ???? ??????????? ????? ????.

? ????? ??????? ?????????? ????? ? ???????? ??? ??????????? ????????? ?? ???????????? ?????????? ? ?????????? ? ????????????? ??????????. ??? ?????????? ???????? ?????????? ? ???????? ?????? ???, ??????????? ?????? ? ????? ???????? ???????? ????????, ?? ??????? ???????? ??? ??????????. ? ?????? ??????? ???? ????????? ???????? (? ???????? ???????? ?????) ???????? «????????? ???? ?????????????? ????-????? ??????????????» (Annual Summary of Admiralty Notices to Mariners). ??????? ??? (Weekly Home Edition) ?????? ????? ???????????; ??? ????????????? ?????? ??? ?????????? ????????????? ???? ? ?????????? ??? ????????, ?????????? ?????????? ??????????????? ??? ?????????? ??????????????? ???; ??? ?????????? ? ????? ??? «Weekly Edition».

????????? ????? «?» ??? «?» ????? ?????? ????????? ??? ??????????, ??? ??? ???????? ??????????????? (Preliminary) ??? ????????? (Temporary).

??????? ? ????? ????????? ?????????? ? ?????????? ?????????????? ?????? ????? ???????? ????? ??, ??? ? ????????? ? ??????????.

? ????????? ????? ? ????? ?? ????????????? ????????? ???????? ?????????? ? ?????????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ??????????????? ?? ??????? ????? ???????? ?????????? ?????????? ?? ????? ??????????? ??????????? ??????????? ?????. ?? ?????????? ?????????? ??? ???? ???? ???????????? ?????????? ?? ????? ??????????????? ????????? ??? ????????? ?????????? ??????. ??????????? ??????? ???????????????? ????? ???? ??????????? ???????? ?? ?? ??????????? ????? ?? ?????, ?? ?????????? ????????????? ?? ??????????, ??????? ???????? ???? ? ??????? ??????????? ?? ?????? ?????. ????????, ?????????? ?? ?????????? ????????????? ?? ???????? ????????? (tracings) ?? ?????? ??? ?????????? ???? (???????? ????? ????? ??? ???????????? ????????? ?? ????? ? ??????? ?????????? ?????????? ? ??? ??????????, ??? ???????? ??? ??????? ? ?????? ? ???????? ?????? ?? ???? ???????????? ????????????? ????????), ? ?? ?????? ???????????????? ????????? ??????????, ?????????? ?????????? ? ???????. ????? ???????????????? ?????? ????????????? ????? ???????, ????? ??? ??????????? ?? ?????? ? ??????????? ????, ?????????? ??????? ???????????? ????????????? ????? ???????? ? ????????? ??????, ?????????? ??????????, ? ????? ?????????? ?? ????? ?????? ? ???????, ???????????? ?? ?? ??????????, ??? ? ???????? ???????. ???????, ????? ? ?????, ???????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????????? ??-?? ?? ???????? ??????? ? ??????????? ????? ??????????? ?? ????? ? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ? ?????? ????????? ???? ? ???????.

??? ??????? ????? ??? ???????????: ?????????? ??????????? ???????????, ??? ?? ???????? ? ?????? ????????????? ???????? ?? ????? ? ??????????????? ?????????? ? ??????? ?????????? ??????? ??????? ? ????? ? ???? ?????????? ? ?? ?????????? ?? ????? ? ??????? ?? ???????????? ?? ?????.

??????? 2.2.1. ?????? ???? ?? ???????

¹ ????????????? ??????????????? ???????1.??????????? ?????4012North Atlantic Ocean - Southern Part10,000,000Jan. 20032.??????? ? ??????? ?????2267Ports on the North Coast of Colombia - Approaches to Puerto Bolivar - Puerto Bolivar 80,000 25,000Jan. 19992195Punta Gallinas to Bahia de Santa Marta300,000June 19953935Windward Passage and Southern Approaches400,000Dec. 1999486Jamaica and the Pedro Bank831,000Mar. 19953865Cuba - Eastern Sheet500,000July 19893913Crooked Island Passage and Exuma Sound300,000Aug. 19983912North East Providence Channel and Tongue of the Ocean300,000Aug. 19981489New Providence Island Clifton Pier50,000Feb. 19983910Little Bahama Bank including North West Providence Channel300,000May 1998398Freeport Roads 25,000 Dec. 1974 Mar. 2007 Freeport Harbour25,000Mar. 20072866Cape Canaveral to Key West including the Western Part of the Bahama Banks500,000Sept. 20062865Cape Romain to Cape Canaveral500,000Feb. 20073691Outer Approaches to Brunswick, Fernandina and Jacksonville100,000Feb. 2007

??????? 2.2.2. ????? ???? ?? ???????

¹ ????????????? ????? (???????????)??? ???????9015????????? ???? ????19801234.3????? ?????????? ?????? ???????? ???????19761235????? ???????? ????-?????. ????? I1976NP7AAdmiralty Sailing Directions South America Pilot2004NP 202Admiralty Tide Tables Europe, Mediterranean, Atlantic (Vol II)2007NP284Admiralty List of Radio Signals Meteorological Observation Station2010NP 286(7)Admiralty List of Radio Signals Central and South America and Caribbean2009NP283(2)Admiralty List of Radio Signals: Maritime Safety Information Services (The Americas, Far East & Oceania)2009NP69East Coast of the US Pilot2010NP136Ocean Passages for the World2010????????????? ??????????????, ???????????? ?? ?????

?????? ?? ?????????? ????????????? ??????????, ??????? ?????????? ?????? ??????? ?? ???????? ?????????????? ?? ????????? ??? ???????? ??, ?????????? ?? ?????.

? ??????????? ??? ???????? ??????????? ? ???????? ??, ???? ? ??????? ??????? ????????? ????????? ?? ?????????.

?? ?????? ????????? ? ?????? ???????? ????????????? ?????????????? ?????????????? ?? ???????????? ?????????? ?? ?????????? ??? ???????????? ? ???????? ?? ??????????.

???????????? ?????????? ? ???????? ?? ?????????? ?????????????? ?? ????? ? ?????? ????????? ?????? ?????????????????? ?????????????? (?????), ??????????????? ??? ??????????????? ????? ???????.

????????? ?????? ?????????????????? ??????????????. ????????? ? ???????? ??????? ?????. ? ?????? ????? ?????????? ??? ???? ????????????? ?????????????? - ????????, ?????????? ? ???????.

. ??? ??????????????? ????????????? ???????? ?????????????? ???? ??????? ????? ???????? ?? 16 ?????????????? ??????? ???????????? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ????????? ? ???????? ????? ????????????? ? ?? ?????? ??????? ?? ??? ????????. ???, ??? ??????????, ??? ?????????? ??????????? ?????? ???????????? ?????? ??????? (NAVAREA) ? ??????????? ??????? ??????, ??????????? ????? ??????, ???????? ????PEA-I, HABAPEA-IV, HABAPEA-XIII ? ?. ?.

? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? ???????? ??????????? - ?????, ? ??????????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ??????????, ?????????? ?????????????? ? ?????????? (???????? ??????? ????? ??????????? ? ??????????? ??????????????) ?? ???? ?????. ????? ???????, ???????? ??????????? - ??? ??????, ?????????????? ????, ?????? ? ???????? ?? ????? ????????????? ??????????, ??????????? ? ??????, ? ???? ???????? ?????????????? ???????. ???????? ?????????????? ??????? (NAVAREA) ???????????? ????? ?????????????????? ?????????????? ???????? ??????? ????????, ???????????? ???????? ????????????? ?? ???? ????? ? ?????????? ????? ?????? ???????????? (??? ????????? ????????????), ?????????????? ????? ?????????????? ? ????? ?????? ? ? ??????????? ?????? ???????? ???????.

?? ???? ??????? ????? ??????? ???????? ???????????? ?????? ?????????????? ?? ????????? ????? ?????? ?? ??????????, ??????? ????? ?????? ???????????? ????? ?? ????? (????? 700 ????). ? ???? ????? ???????? ????????????, ?????????? ????????, ?????????????? ??????? ?????? ???????????? ?? ????????? ????? ? ????? ????? ?????? ? ?? ?????????? ?? 700 ???? ?? ??? ?????????.

??????? ?????????????? (LOCAL WARNINGS)-??????????????? ???? ??????????????, ??????????? ? ??????, ???????????? ? ???????? ?????????? ???????? ???????. ????? ?????????????? ?? ??????? ?? ???????? ?? ??????? ?????? ????????. ?????????????? ???????. ??? ?????? ???????????, ??????? ?????????? ??? ??????????? ???????????? ???????????? ?? ??????? (?????????) ?????????. ? ??? ?????????? ??????????, ?????????? ??????????? ?????? ???, ? ????? ??????????, ??????? ????? ??????????? ????????? ???????????????? ???????? ????????. ???? ?????????? ???????? ??????????, ??????????? ?????????? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??? ???????, ?? ?????? .?? ????????????? ????? ????, ??? ????? ????????? ?????????? ???????: ????????????? ?????, ???????? ???????? ? ????, ?????????????? ???????? ?? ???????? ?????????? ???????;

·??????? ??????? ?????????? ????? ?? ???????? ?????????? ????? ??? ? ???????????????? ???????? ?? ??? ?, ???? ???????, ?? ??????????;

·????????? ?????? ??????? ?????????????? ???????????? ??? ???????????? ????????? ??????????, ???? ????? ????????? ??? ????????? ????? ???????? ?? ???????????? ????????;

·??????? ??????? ????????? ????????? ? ??????? ??????????? ????????;

·?????????? ???? ? ?.?.

??? ????????? ?? ???? ????????????? ?????? ??????????? ?? ?????????? ????????.

?????????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ????? ???????????? ???, ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ?? ??????? ?????? ?? ????????? ?? ???????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ???????.

???? ????????????? ?????????????? ???????? ? ???? ????? ????????? ???????? ?? ?? ?????, ?? ???????????? ? ??? ?????????? ????????? ?? ???????? ?????????????? ????? ????. ? ???? ????? ???????? ??????????? ????????????? ??? ??????????? ???? ??? ????, ????? ?? ?????????, ??????? ??????? ?????????? ?? ????? ? ?????? ???????, ???? ?????????? ?????? ?????????? ???????? ?????????????.

???? ???????????, ????????????? ??? ???????? ?????????????, ??????????????? ??????????? ????????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??????????? ? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????????????, ??? ?? ?? ???????? ? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ? ???? ? ?????????????? ??????? ???? ?????? ????? ??????????? ?? ??????? ???????? ?????? ??????????? ??????????????, ?? ?? ?????????? ? ??????? ????????, ????????????? ???????????.

???? ???????? ??????????? ???????, ??? ?? ???????? ?????? ??????????? ??????????, ??????????? ? ??????? ??????, ?? ?????? ????????? ?? ???????????????? ????????? ???????????? ???????? ??????? ????????. ??? ??????????? ? ??? ????????????? ?????????? ? ????????.

??? ???? ????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ?????????? ?????? ????? ? ??? ?? ?????????????? ? ????????? ????????, ????????? ???????????? ???????? ???? ??????? ? ???????????, ???????? ?? ????????? ????????????? (?. ?. ? ?????).??? ??????? ???????? ? ???? ?? ??? ???, ???? ??? ?? ????? ???????? ???????? ?????????????. ???? ???????? ??????????????, ???? ?? ????????, ?????????? ? ?????? ??????????????.

?????????????? ????. ??? ?????????????? ????????? ? ?????????? ?????. ???, ??? ???? ????????????? ? ????? ???????????????, ?? ????? ?????? ???? ???????? ?? ?????????? 100-200 ???? ?? ??????. ???? ????? ????????? ?? ?? ??????????, ??? ? ???????, ?????? ??? ?? ?????? ?????????????? ??????????? ?? ???????? ?????????? ?????. ????????? ?????? (? ?????????) ??????????? ?? ??????? ?? ????? ?????????? ?????. ????? ???????, ?????? - ??? ????? ?????? ??? ?????????, ? ???????, ???? ??????????? ??????? ?? ???? ??????????????? ?? ???????? ?????????? ?????????????? (????). ????? ??????????? ????????? ???????????? ????????????? - ???????, ? ??????????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ? ?????????? ?????????? ?????????????? ????? ???? ???????????? ????????? ????????????, ? ????? ??????????? ???????? ???? ??????????????? ?????????? ????????? ???????????? ??? ???????????? ?????? ?????????, ???? ??????? ????? ?????. ? ???? ????? ??????????? ?????????, ? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????????????? ???????, ?????? ??????? ??????????? ?????????? ??? ????? ???????????? ????????????? ? ????? ?????? ??????????????? ????????????? ?????????????? ?????? ????????? ????????????. ?????? ???????????? ???????? ????, ??????????? ?????? ? ?????? ??????????. ???????????? ??????????? ????????? ???? ?????? ??????????? ???? ?? ???????? ????????????? ????????????.

????????? ???? ???? ? ?????? ?????????? (???????) - ???????? ? ??????? ???????????? ????.

???????? ?????? ???? ???????? ??? ??????????? ???????? ? ???? ???????.

?????? ????????????????? ??????????. ???? ??????????, ??? ???????? ?? ???????????? ???????????? ????????????????? ??????????????, ?????? ??????????? ?????? ? ?????????????? ???????????????? ? ?? ??? ?? ????????, ??????????? ????? ????????????. ? ???? ????? ????????? ???????? ???????????? ??? ?????? ????? ???????? ????????????????? ?????????????? ???????????? ? ???????. ?? ????????? ????????????? ????? (?????????????????) ?????????????? ????? ???????????? ???????????? «?????».

??????? 2.2.3. ????? ???????? ????? ?????? NAVAREA, ??????? NAVTEX.

??????? ????????????? NAVAREA???????? ?????????????????? (??????)N OF 7°N to 31°N, W OF 35°W including the Caribbean Sea & Gulf of Mexico IV Miami USA

?????????????? ??????????? ??????????? ???????? ?? ???????? ??????????.

2.3 ????? ???? ? ?????? ?????????????, ?????????????????????? ??????? ????????

???????

?? ?????????? ??????? ????? ????????? ????????? ? ?????????. ????????? ??????? ???????????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????????? ???????, ??????? ?????????? ?? NW ? ????-????????? ????????. ????????? ??????? ????????? ? ? ????? ???????? ????? ????????????? 1-1,5 ??.

? ????? ?????????? ???????? ????????? ??????? ??????????? ? ????? ?????? ????????? ?????????? ??????? ? ???????? ????? ??????? ?????? ??????????? ????????? ? ????????? ????, ??????? ??? ?????????? ????????? ???????. ??? ??????? ?????????? ??? ???? ? ??????? ?? ?????, ? ????? ???????????? ?? NW ? ?????? ? ??????? ????????????? ??????.

????????? ??????? ?????? ?????????, ???????? ? ????????? ????? ????, ??? ???????? ??? ??????? ????????? 2 ??. ????? ?? ?????, ???????? ?? ????????? ??????? ??????, ???????? ??????? ??????????? ?? 0,5- 1 ??, ? ??? ??????? ? ??????????? ??????? ????? ????????????? ? ? ????? ??????? ???????????? ???????? ??????? ????????? 3-3,5??.

???????? ?????????? ??????? ???????? ?? ?????? ? ??????, ?????????? ?????? ? ????? ? ????????? ?????? ? ?????. ?????? ??? ????????? ????????????? ? ????????????? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ?????????.

????????? ?????? ???? ? ???????

????????? ?????? ??????????? ???????-????????? ? ??????-????????? ?????????.

??????? ? ???????? ???????????? ????????????; ?????? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ? ????? ????????? ?????????? ???????????? ???????. ? ????????? ??????? ? ??????? ?? ????????? 70° ???. ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ??????????? ???????????? ???????? ???????. ??????? ???????? ???????? 0,2-0,4 ?. ??????? (???????) ???????? ??????? ?? ?????? ????? ????????? 0,5 ?.

??????-???????? ??????? ????? ????????? ??????????? ???????? ?? ????? ??????????? ??????????? ????????. ????????? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ????????? ???????? ????????? ????????? ?????? ?? 2,5-5 ?.

2.3.1 ?????????????????????? ???????

??? ????????? ? ?????????? ?????? ???? ?????????? ??????? ???????? ??????????? ???????? ???????? ? ??????? ?? ???? ???????.

??????? ????????.???.???? ??????? ????????? ???????????? ?????????????????? ????????? ????? ???????? ?????????????????? ???????+ 28+ 27+26????????????? ?????????80 %80 %-?????: ???????????NE, ENE, E, SE-?????????????80 %60 %-????????6 ?/?7 ?/?-?????? 15?/???---??????, ?????????????2 %1 %2%?????????: ????? 2 ????60 %65 %60%????? 5 ????40 %25 %30%???????????????? ??????????????????????????????????????????????: ?????55-?????????????65%50%-?????? ??????????????????????? ??????? ?????, ??? ??????? ?????????? ????????? ?? 1 ??? ? ??????????????? ????. ?????? ???????? ???????: 1) ??????????: ??????????? ???????? ???????????? 2) ?????????, ???????????????????? ????????????????????????-0,4 ?0,7 ?-?????????????????????????????NWNW-NNWNNE1,5 ??0,3-1,0 ??1,2-2,0 ???70 %75 %75 %????????????-----????????: ?????? ?????????????1,25 ?2 ?1-2 ?60 %65 %40%????: ??????????? ????????? ????????? ??????? ?????26 36,5 ‰ 1,023 ???26 36,5 ‰ 1,026 ???26 36,6 ‰ 1,025 ?????????????? ??????? ? ??????????? ????????-1-2%-

??????? 2.3.1. ???????????? ???????????? ?????????????????????? ???????

¹ ?/??/??????????????????, ???, ???????? ? ??????? ??????????????? ????????????? ????????1San Juan (Puerto Rico)1:250000 1.Atlantic waters from 22°N to 27°N between 65°W and the Bahamas 2.Caribbean N of 15°N between 72°W and 85°W 3. Caribbean from 11°N to 15°N between 72°W and 85°W????????? ?????? ????????? ?????????????? ? ????????????? ?????????0235 1435 0235 14352Miami(USA)A,B 1:300000 Atlantic waters from 27°N to 31°N Wof 77°W Bahamas N of 22°N Gulf of Mexico E of 87°WA,?: ????????? ?????? ?, ?: ????????? ?????????????? ? ????????????? ?????????0350 1550 1230 2230 0350 1550 1230 2230

2.3.2 ????? ?????????? ????

?????? ??????? ????????? ??????? ????? ????? ? ?? ??????? ??????? ???????? ?? ??????????

2.3.3 ????? ???? ?? ?????????? ???????

?????? ????????? ?????? ????????????? ? ????? ?????? ???????????.

?? ????? ?????????? ? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ??????????? ????? ????????? 2 ??????? ?????????? ????????. ? ?????? ???????, ??? ?? ???? ??????????? ???????, ???? ???? ?? ???????? ??????? ????? ? ?????? ????????? ??.

??????? 2.3.3.1. ?????? ???, ???????.

¹???????????????????????? ?????????1?entral arm12°15.4 N 071°57.6 W10,8 ????2Faux Cap18°36.3 N 074°25.6 W10,2 ????3Punta Caleta20°04.1 N 074°17.8 W10,8 ????4Punta Maisi20°14.7 N 074°08.7 W29 ???? 5Punta Lucrecia21°04.3 N 075°37.3 W27,5 ????6Punta Maternillos21°39.8 N 077°08.5 W24,8 ????7Cayo Confites22°11.8 N 077°39.7 W13,7 ???? 8Lobos Cay22°22.8 N 077°35.3 W24,2 ????9Cabo Paredon Grande22°28.9 N 078°09.9 W27,9 ????10Cayo Caiman Grande de S.Maria22°41.0 N 078°53.0 W28,3 ????11BIMINI25°42.6 N 079°16.3 W25,1 ????

2.3.4 ???????? ?? ???????? ? ?????????? ?????????

? ????? ??????????? ??????????? ???????????? ???????? ???????? ??? ??????? ????? ? ???????? ???????? ? ?????? ???, ? ????? ??? ????? ? ?????? ?? ?????? ????????????? ????? ??????? ???? ? ??? ???????, ??? ??????? ????? ?????????????.

?? ????? ?????? ?????????? ???????? ???????? ???????????? ??? ???? ???????? ?????.

?????, ??????????? ???????, ?????? ????? ???? «?????»

??? ?????? ??????? ?????????? ???????? ?? ?????????? ????? ???????????? ????? ??? ???????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ???????.

?????? ?? ???? ???????, ??????? ?????? ?????????? ? ????????? ??????, ??????????? ????????, ?????????? ??????? ? ??????? ????? ? ?????????? ????????????? ??? ??????????, ? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????????????? ???????? ? ???????, ??????????? ? ?????? ???????? ?????.

??? ????? ? ????, ?????, ??? ? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ? ???????? ?????? ???? ????????? ???????? ??????? ???????, ??????? ????? ???? ????????¸? ?????? ?????, ????? ????? ??????????? ? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ?????. ??? ??????????? ?? ??????????? ?? ????? ???????, ????????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ?????????????? ????? ????? ? ??????????? ????????????? ? ?????????, ? ????? ????????? ???????????? ???????, ?? ?????? ? ?????????? ????????.

??????? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ??????? ? ???????? ????? ??????????????? ?? ?????????? ??????.

??????, ???????? ?????? ?????????? ????????, ? ?????? ?????? ????? ???????????? ??????????????? ?? ???¸?, ??????? ?? ??????????? ???????? ????? ??????????? ???????? ?? ?????????????? ???????, ?????????? ? ?????????????.

???? ?? ???????????? ???????? ??????? ????? ???????? ?????????, ??????? ????? ?????? ?????????? ??????? ??????????????? ???????, ???????????? ?? ??????????? ?????? ??????? ? ????????????.

??? ??????? ????? ? ??????? ??????? ?? ??????? ??? ?????????? ????? ??????????? ????????????? ????? ????????. ????? ?????? ???? ???????????? ? ???????? ???????????????? ?????? ? ??????? ? ?????????? ?????? ??????????? ??? ?????????? ? ??????????? ??????? ? ????? ??????? ???????, ??? ??????? ?? ????????? ?????? ?????, ? ????????? ?? ?????????? ????????? ????????, ??????? ?????? ???????????? ?????????? ???????? ?? 1,5 ???? ?? ?????? ???¸???; ?????????? ????? ? ??????; ??? ????????????? ????????? ????¸???????????, ?????????????????? ??????? ? ??????????? ????? ? ??????? ??????; ??????? ?? ?????? ?????????? ???¸?.

??? ?????????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ??? ?????????? ???????????? ????? ????? ? ????? ??????? ???????. ??? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ?????????? ?????????????? ?????, ????????? ????????? ????????? ? ??????????? ????????????? ???????, ??????? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ? ????????? ????? ?????? ?????????? ??????? ?? ?????, ???????? ?? ???????? ????????????? ? ???????? ?????????? ? ????????? ???? ??????????? ????????????????????????? ????????????? ?????. ? ?¸???? ????? ????? ????? ?? ? ??????? ????? ????????

The Jacksonville Sea Buoy lies outside the entrance of the St Johns River on the edge of the Gulf Stream where a strong northerly current is usually experienced. The sea buoy (2STJ) is a red/white, lighted and whistle (Morse (A) buoy. A counter current setting to the south is usually found close along the coast just inshore of the sea buoy. Both the direction and velocity of currents and counter currents vary depending on past and prevailing weather conditions. Broken ground with least depths of 4 - 5 fathoms lies from 4 - 6 nautical miles from the coast for a considerable distance northward and southward of the St Johns River entrance. Numerous fish havens are eastward of the entrance to St Johns River; the outermost, marked by a private unlighted buoy, is about 27 nauticalmiles eastward of St Johns Light. All vessels should approach Jacksonville Sea Buoy from between SE and NE to avoid shallow water along the coast. There are many bright lights ashore at night which would cause confusion or mistaken identity with navigation lights. Refer to current NOS charts regarding danger and cautionary areas. Sea traffic, especially southbound ships steaming inshore near the sea buoy to avoid the force of the Gulf Stream and take advantage of the counter current, may be encountered. Naval vessels may be encountered entering and departing Mayport and may also be encountered on exercises outside the sea buoy area.:Health:Quarantine Declaration Form HSM 13.19.:

Crew Lists

Curio and Crew Personal Items ListsMA.578 for dry cargo vessels.

Passenger Lists

Stores Lists

US Customs Electronic Manifests covering all other cargo on boardfor discharge at other than first port of entry

US Customs Manifests for cargo to be discharged at first port of entrys Clearance from Last Ports Register and Load Line CertificateUtilisation and Performance Report.:

Certified Crew List and Landing Permit form I-95 for each crew memberPassport for each crew member.

2.3.6 ?????????? ? ?????? ??????

PUERTO BOLIVAR: 12° 16' N 071° 57' W

LOCATION: Puerto Bolivar is at the entrance of Bahia Portete, a natural bay on the North coast of Colombias Guajira Peninsula, located at Lat. 12° 16' N., Long. 71° 57' W. It is on the Caribbean, about 350 km. N.E. of Barranquilla.. SIZE: The Port is designed to accommodate vessels with the following dimensions:: 300 m. (984 ft.).: 45 m. (147 ft.).. Loaded Draft: 17 m. (55 ft.).. Ballasted Draft: 9 m. (30 ft.).exceeding these dimensions (except draft) may be accepted if port operations consider their handling and loading to be safe and efficient. Minimum Acceptable Drafts for Manoeuvring in Puerto Bolivar:Forward Draft Aft Draft

(tons) (m.) (m.)

,000 - 30,000 3.04 4.87

,000 - 50,000 3.65 5.48

,000 - 70,000 4.57 6.40

,000 - 100,000 5.49 7.31100,000 7.31 9.00: Landmarks: For vessels arriving from the Eastern Caribbean, Punta Gallinas (Lat. 12° 28' N., Long. 71° 40' W.) is approximately 20 miles E.N.E. of Puerto Bolivar. For vessels arriving from the Panama Canal or ports to the West of Puerto Bolivar, Cabo de la Vela (Lat. 12° 13' N., Long. 72°10' W.) is approximately 12 miles W.S.W. of Puerto Bolivar. Both Landmarks have prominent lighthouses which are shown in the appropriate light lists.In addition there is a rotating beacon on the shiploader at Puerto Bolivar with the following characteristics:: Lat. 12° 15.6' N., Long. 71° 57.9' W.: Rotating white beacon.: Flashing white every 2 seconds.: 35 m. (115 ft.).: 18.75 miles.Buoy: The Port entrance is marked by Channel Buoy No.1 (Racon).in position Lat.1217' 30" N., Long. 71 58' 54" W., flashing green every 2 seconds. Code (M) international code signal.: Vessels will enter and leave the port by a dredged channel 3.5 km. in length that connects the turning basin with the open sea. The channels allowable ships draft is 17 m. (max.). Minimum depth in channel and Berth Reach is 19 m.Basin: Allowable ballasted draft is 9.0 m. (max.). Vessels scheduled to load enter the circular turning basin, depth 11.5 m., where they are completely stopped, then turned by tugs to berth at the coal pier, port side to.: Defined by Colombian Port and Maritime Directorship (DIMAR) as follows:anchorage area for vessels and marine craft that arrive in Puerto Bolivar shall be located within the following points and geographical co-ordinates:A. Lat. 12° 16' 30" N., Long. 71°59' 30" W.B. Lat. 12°19' N., Long. 71°59' 30" W.C. Lat. 12° 19' N., Long. 72° 02' W.D. Lat. 12° 16' 30" N., Long. 72° 02' W.quarantine area for vessels and marine craft that arrive in Puerto Bolivar shall be located within the following points and geographical co-ordinates:A. Lat. 12° 16' N., Long. 72° 03' W.B. Lat. 12° 17' 30" N., Long. 72° 03' W.C. Lat. 12° 17' 30" N., Long. 72°04' W.D. Lat. 12° 16' N., Long. 72° 04' W.anchorage and quarantine areas established in the above articles are experimental and therefore all vessels and marine devices shall manoeuvre with care.ARRIVAL INFORMATION: Estimated Time of Arrival Notices:should advise their ETAs upon receipt of orders to proceed to Puerto Bolivar. In addition, 72, 48 and 24 hour ETAs should be transmitted to INTERCOR with a copy to Agent./TIDES: Puerto Bolivar is generally outside the hurricane belt. Prevailing winds are from the North East. In the area of the Port, winds may gust to 35 - 40 knots. Months of high winds are December to March and July and August. Dry season is from November to May. The wet season is from May to November. This is in general for this area. At Puerto Bolivar, rain is infrequent.

JACKSONVILLE, Florida: 30° 20' N 081° 40' W: The port is located on the Atlantic Coast of Florida.: Varies from fresh water 1000 density to mixed salt water1007.5 density. St Johns River is fed from fresh water sources and for most practical purposes may be considered fresh: For vessel with draft not more than 33 ft. no restriction sand vessel can enter and clear harbour on 24-hour basis. Pilots and tug assistance available all hours day or night. Vessels with draft more than 38 ft. required to await tide: Report: Approaches: The Jacksonville Sea Buoy lies outside the entrance of the St Johns River on the edge of the Gulf Stream where a strong northerly current is usually experienced. The sea buoy (2STJ) is a red/white, lighted and whistle (Morse (A) buoy. A counter current setting to the south is usually found close along the coast just inshore of the sea buoy. Both the direction and velocity of currents and counter currents vary depending on past and prevailing weather conditions. Broken ground with least depths of 4 - 5 fathoms lies from 4 - 6 nautical miles from the coast for a considerable distance northward and southward of the St Johns River entrance. Numerous fish havens are eastward of the entrance to St Johns River; the outermost, marked by a private unlighted buoy, is about 27 nauticalmiles eastward of St Johns Light.vessels should approach Jacksonville Sea Buoy from between SE and NE to avoid shallow water along the coast. There are many bright lights ashore at night which would cause confusion or mistaken identity with navigation lights. Refer to current NOS charts regarding danger and cautionary areas.traffic, especially southbound ships steaming inshore near the sea buoy to avoid the force of the Gulf Stream and take advantage of the counter current, may be encountered. Naval vessels may be encountered entering and departing Mayport and may also be encountered on exercises outside the sea buoy area.Channel: A federal project provides for a channel depth of 42 ft. from the ocean to St Johns Point. A lighted whistle buoy is about 2 miles off the entrance to the river. The 800 ft. wide entrance channel between two converging rubblestone jetties is marked by lighted buoys. Two-way traffic is normal. The echo sounder should be monitored continuously for any silting that may occur and findings reported.: Vessels waiting outside the entrance to St Johns River can anchor in depths of 36 - 50 ft. NNE of the jetties if wind and sea permit. Anchorage south of the jetty is not recommended because of heavy shrimp boat activity in that area. Pilots sometimes anchor vessels in the channel opposite Mayport Basin or at St Johns Bluff in emergencies or while waiting for weather to clear upstream; however, these anchorages are not recommended due to strong currents. A tug should be stationed alongside to assist turning during change of tide.Johns River Designated Permanent Anchorages: General (Upper): Located on the south shore off Commodore Point between Miller Creek and Empire Point. Vessels remaining in the anchorage more than 24 hours require a permit from the USCG Captain of the Port.(Lower) Anchorage: Located in the area off the Tallyrand Docks and Terminal. Use requires permit from the USCG Captain of the Port. The holding ground in both anchorages is only fair and both are somewhat constricted. It is not recommended that vessels with drafts over 34 ft. use these anchorages.: Vessels approach Pilot Entrance Buoy STJ No. 2 (red, racon buoy) 2.75 nautical miles at sea off jetty entrance to St Johns River. Pilot station located within Jacksonville. Pilot station operates on VHF Channels 13 and 14, listening on Channel 16. Pilot cable address Jaxpilot. Pilot boards from one of two pilot boats, the St Johns and the Jacksonville, just east of Entrance Buoy STJ No. 2. Pilot boat does not maintain station at sea but answers call or is dispatched on information by vessels Agent. Vessels anchoring awaiting Pilot should anchor as near entrance buoy as safely possible.: Two anchorages located inside harbour near dock sites with depth of about 31 ft.

2.3.7 ??????????????? ?????????

????? ???????? ? ??????? ???? ??????? ???????? ????????? ??????????????? ?????????. ????? ????????? ??????? ???????????? ?? ??????????? ??????, ??? ??¸? ????? ???????????? ? ????????? ???????? ??????¸?????? ? ????????????????? ???????? ?? ????????, ??????? ????? ? ????? ??????????? ??????? ? ??????? ????????, ??? ??????????? ????????? ????? ?? ???????. ????? ????????? ?????? ?? ??????????? ?????? ??????????????? ????????? ????????? ?? ??????? ? ?????? ????? ? ??????????? ??????????? ????¸???, ?????????? ??????? ????????? ? ???????.

??????? 2.3.6.1. ????? ? ???????? ?? ??????? ???????

?? (??)S,????V,????????????? ????? ? ?? ????????? ???????????? ????????? ???????????????????????? ?????????337°400,411,012°17.5 N071°58.8 W025°108,311,318°25,9 N074°44,5 W091°14,82 ?Pointe Fanchon359,6°25,011,520°04.3 N073°56.4 W275°16.7 ?Punta Negra294,5°181,711,120°29.3 N073°56.6 W238°17.9 ?Punta del Fraile297,4°7,811,321°45.0 N076°53.3 W249°15.2 ?Punta Maternillos310,0°13,211,221°48.6 N077°00.7 W219.3°11.4 ?Punta Maternillos311,7°19,111,721°57.1 N077°11.7 W--GPS311,6°15,111,222°09.8 N077°26.9 W277°11.8 ?Cayo Confites303,1°30,411,722°20.0 N077°39.2 W182.6°8.7 ?Cayo Confites288,3°39,211,622°36.9 N078°06.3 W203°8.65 ?Cayo Paredon Grande328,1°55,311,522°49.6 N078°46.6 W215°10.4 ?Cayo Caiman Maria349,0°54,511,423°36,7 N079°18.3 W242°13.8Cayo Spot358,6°242,411,424°30.3 N079°29.5 W--GPS334,6°117,711,428°33.3 N079°36.0 W--GPS283,0°20,211,630°20.0 N080°34.0 W--GPS

??????? 2.3.6.2. ????? ? ???????? ?? ?????? ???????

??????? ?? ?? ?? ??S, ??V, ????/ ?/?????????????????? ????????, ?, ???.?????????? ??????????, ?, ???.????????? ?? ???????????????????????????0-43.647.50 ? 29 ???11.501508015.84-50.66.20 ? 08 ???11.58125Tanks6513.94-50.35.60 ? 06 ???12.04118Mayport6013.55-60.425.00 ? 07 ???12.11132CG7014.15-60.244.70 ? 07 ???12.18250Sherman Pt7014.05-60.274.30 ? 06 ???12.24287Sherman Pt7013.56-70.533.70 ? 10 ???12.34130Mile Point7014.06-70.53.70 ? 10 ???12.4490Great Marsh I7013.6

2.3.8 ???????????? ????????????

?????????? ???????-?????? ??????? (?. ???)?? (?. ???) ??? (?. ???)?????? ??????? ?????? ??????? (?. ???)?? (?. ???)???? (?. ???)??????????1234567891011????? ??????? ?? 0 ???????? ?????02.10---20.04310,6º22.0821.4817-03.1001.3805.4451,1º19.59305,1º21.3721.431806.3904.1002.1306.0955,5º20.18302,1º21.3822.321908.3505.1002.2806.3959,8º----2009.5906.1007.10

2.3.9 ???????????? ??????????. ??????? ???????? ????? ????? ? ???????????? ????????

??? ?????????? ?????????????? ??????? ??? ???? ???????? ???? ?????????? ???????? ? ????????? ??????? ??????????.

???? ????? ?? ??????????? ????? ???????? ????????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ? ????????? ???????????????? ??????????, ??????? ???????? ??????????? ? ??????? ??? ???. ?????????? ?? ????? ? ???????????? ??????? ???????? ? ???????? ?????? ??? ????? ? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ????????, ????¸?? ????????????????? ??? ??? ????? ? ?? ??????? ???? ? ???????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ??????????? ????? ?????.

??????? 2.17 - ???? ????????? ?????????

¹ ??????? ??….. ??….???????? ? ??????? ??????????? ???????????????????????????????, ?????????????????, ????????123456102.10.2013 08.00 - 09.00?? ? ? Dp ?? Pt Coco0.4?? 2-?? ???????? ?? Pt Lalata ? Pt Media Luna6202.10.2013 12.00 - 14.09DGPS(*)?? ???????? ????????1.3302.10.2013 16.09 - 17.58DGPS(*)?? ???????? ????????2.0402.10.2013 20.55- 21.42DGPS(*)?? ???????? ????????1,4502-10.08.2013 23.42 - 01.34DGPS(*)?? ???????? ???????? 1,32603.10.2013 03.34 05.45DGPS (*) ?? ???????? ???????? 1-3703.10.2013 06.00- 09.00DGPS(*)?? ???????? ????????1,4803.10.2013 11.20 - 13.25DGPS(*)?? ???????? ????????1,5903.10.2013 15.00-17.00DGPS(*)?? ???????? ????????1-31003.10.2013 15.50 - 18.00DGPS(*)?? ???????? ????????0,71103.10.2013 18.00-19.00DGPS(*)?? ???????? ????????1-31203.10.2013 19.00-20.00?? ? ? Dp ?? Cap Tiburon0.2?? ? ? Dp ?? Cap Carcasse0,31303.10.2013 21.07 - 22.21?? ? ? Dp ?? Pointe de la Seringue0,2DGPS(*)1404.10.2013 00.08-02.10DGPS(*)DGPS(*)1504.10.2013 04.00 - 06.00DGPS(*)?? ???????? ????????1.51604.10.2013 08.00 - 10.09DGPS(*)?? ???????? ????????1.31704.10.2013 11.015 - 13.58?? ? ? Dp ?? Punta Negra0.2?? 3 ? ?? Punta Caleta, De Massi, de Quemado0.11804.10.2013 15.55- 17.42?? ? ? Dp ?? Punta del Fraile0.25?? 2 ? ? Dp ?? Punta Rama, de Massi0,141904.10.2013 19.42 - 21.34?? ? ? Dp ?? Punta Guarico0.2DGPS(*)2004.10.2013 23.02 00.00DGPS(*)?? ???????? ????????1-32105.10.2013 02.00- 05.00DGPS(*)?? ???????? ????????1,42205.10.2013 07.20 - 09.25?? ? ? Dp ?? Punta Maternillos0.18?? ? ? Dp ?? Punta de las Cur0.282305.10.2013 11.00-13.00?? ? ? Dp ?? Cayo Paredon Grande0.23?? ? ? Dp ?? Cayo Jaula0.252405.10.2013 15.50 - 19.02DGPS(*)?? ???????? ????????1,72505.10.2013 20.00-23.00DGPS(*)?? ???????? ????????1.52606.10.2013 01.00-04.00DGPS(*)?? ???????? ????????1,82707.10.2013 13.37 - 17.23DGPS(*)?? ???????? ????????1,72808.10.2013 11.23-12.10DGPS(*)?? ???????? ????????1,1(*) - ± 8 -10 ? ??? ±15 ? ? 95 %, ??? ± 3 ? ? ?????? DGPS

2.3.10 ?????? ????????????? ????????????

????????????? ???????????? ???????????? ?????????????? ?????????? ???? ????? ? ?????????????? ???????????? ?????? ? ??¸??? ?? ????????, ??????? ??????????? ??????????? ???????????????????? ???????????? ??? (?), ??????????? ??????? ?????????? ? = 63%.

?????? «??????????? ???????? ????????????» ??? ??? ?????? ???????? ???????? (??????????) ????? ????? ??????? ??????????? ? = 95%. ????? ?????????? ??????????? ????????????? ???? ???????? R = 2 ?.

?????????? ? ???????? ???????????? ??? ???????? ? ????? ???? (?????¸????? ????????, ?????????? ????, ???? ????????? ????), ?????????? ????? ???????? ?? ?????????, ???????? ??? ????????? ????????? ?? ???????? ????????????? ??????????, ? ????? ??????? ??? ????¸?? ??? ?????????(??t), ??? ?????????? ????? (???). ????????????????? ?? ??????? ?????????? ??? ??????? ?????????????? ?????????.

??????? 2.10 - ?????????????? ????????? ?????????????? ????????? ???????? ????????

???? ???????? ??????????????? ??? ??????????? ???????????? ???????????????????? ????? ????????? ??????????12345???? ?????¸????? ????????- ????????? ??????, ???????5¸20 ?????????????????????????????? ????*-????? (100¸200?) ??????, ?????????0,15 ?? ??????1¸5 ???0,5¸1 ???-????????? ??????? 2¸20??0,2 ?? ??????1¸5 ???.0,5¸1 ???.- ????0,2 ?????? ?????? ???????? (1¸5??)10¸30 ???.1¸3 ???.-??????????????? ???? ?? 25 ???? ?? ??????2% ?? ?????????? ?? ??????, ?? ?? > 2 ????20¸30 ???.1¸3 ???.?????????? ????*-??????????????? ???? ? ?????????? > 25 ???? ?? ???????? > 2 ????1¸2 ????5¸10 ???.???? ????????? ????2% ?? ?????????? ?? ?????. ?????????, ?? ?? > 2 ????2¸4 ????10¸15 ???.* - ?????????? ???? ?????????? ??????, ?????????? ?? ?????????? 50 ???? ?? ????????? ????? ???? ?? ?????????? ?? ????? 200-???????? ???????, ??? ???????? ??????????? ????? ?? ????????? ???????? ?????????????? ????????????

??????? 2.11 - ?????????? ????? ???????? ?? ????????? (???.)

?????????? ?????????? ?? ????????????? ?????????, (????)?????????? ?=95° ??????????? ????? ?? (????)??????????? ????????? ?????????? ?o (? = 95%) ????.< 0,10,10,250,51,02,012345678100,412129---200,828282722--301,24848474427-401,67272716856-502,0100100999787-602,413213213112912073702,8168168167165157118803,2208208207206198162903,62522522512502422101004,0300300300298291260

??? ???????? ? ?????????? ???? ?????????? ????????? ??????????, ???? ?? ???????? ? 3 ???? ? ????? ???? ???????? ?????????? ?????.

? ???? ?????? ?????????? ??????????? ? ?????????.

??????? 2.12 - ??????????? ??????????? ?????????? ??? ? ??????????? ?? ???????? ????? ? ?????????? ?? ???

??? ?????, ? (????)????????? ??????????? ??? (????)2,53,03,54,04,55,00,51111111,00,9560,9890,99820,9997111,50,7530,8650,9340,9730,9890,9963

???? ??? ???????? ????? ?? ????????? 1 ????, ?? ?????????????? ??????? (>0,95) ??????????? ??????????? ??? ??? ? ??????? ???, ??? ? ?????????

??????? 2.13 - ???????? ???????????? ??2 ? ??????????? ?? ???????? ??????????? (????) ??? ??????????? ????????? ??????? ????????????

????.0,9500,9900,9930,9970,999??21,732,152,232,413,0

??????? 2.14 - ???????? ??????? ???????????? ??????????? ????????????? ??????????

????????????? ???????? (??)?????? ?? ????????? ?.?.??? ?.?. (?? ????? ????????)????????????? ???????????????????? ??????????????????? ? ?????? ????????? ?.?.123456?????? ??????? (h°)?????. ??????? (???)±0,4 ¸ 0,8¢ ±0,6 ÷ 1,2¢sin h = sinjxsin?+cosjx cos?xcos (t??-?)???? ?????? ????? - ????? ???? ? ??????? ? ?????? ????????? ? ??????????? ????????R = = z = 90° - h? = Ac g = 1?????????????? ???? (?°)?????. c??????±1,1 ÷ 2,1'cos ? = =

??? D1,2 - ?????????? ?? ??????????;

d - ?????????? ????? ?????????????????? - ??????????, ?????????? ????? ??? ????????? ? ??????? ????????? ???? «?»? =? g=1.85 H D ??? g=0.54?2 D ??? ? - ?????? ??????????????????-??? ???? (?)?????. ??????? (???)±0,5÷1,0'?xctg?=?((?-?0)2 + (?-?0)2) ?, ? - ???????????? ?????????? ????? ????? ??????????????????? ???????? D ? ??????? ? ????? ????????? ? ??????? ????????? ???? «?»? =?1+?±90° - ?? ????? ??????? g=3438xD D1xD2 ? - ???? ????? ?1 ? ?2?????????? ?????? (??)???-2 ??????¸?-??? ? ??, ???????-??? ??????¸?-??? ? ??±0,5÷1,6° ±0,8÷1,9°ctg?=

??? ? =

?? - ???????? ????? ????????? ? ?????

?? - ???????? ?????? ????????? ? ?????

?m= ?c-???

? = tg?x cos?xcosec??-sin?xctg ??

??=??? - ????????, ?????????? ????? ???????? ??? ????? «??» ? ?????????? = ?? -90°= 57.3

D

??????? 2.15 - ????¸? ??????? ???????????? ??????????? ????? ?????

?????????????? ????? ???????????? ??? ????¸?? ?????????? (????????) ??? ????? ???????????????123????????? ????? ????????=(????)??-??? ????????? ?????????? (????)

??t-??? ????????? (????)??? ????????? ???? ????? ??t =0,7 x ?? x t?(????), ??? t<2? ??t = ??x?(????), ??? t> 2??? -??????????? ????????? ? ??????

t - ????? ???????? ?? ????????? (???.)???????????? ????? ?? ???? ?????????? = (????)mn° -C?? ????????? ??????? (????.);

? -???????? ???????? ?? ?????????;

D1,D2 -?????????? ?? ????????? (????)???????????? ????? ?? ??¸? ??????????=mn°- ??? ????????? ??????? (????.);,2,3- ?????????? ?? ????????? (????);

?, ? -???? ????? ????????? (????.)«?????-??????»??? = (????)??-??? ? ??????????? ????? ?? ???? ????????

?ot -??? ? ??????????? ?? ????? ????? ?1 ? ?2

? -???????? ???????????????????? ????? ?? ??????? ? ????????? ?? ?????? ??????????? = (????)mno - ??? ????????? ??????? (????)- ??? ????????? ?????????? ?? ??-?? (??)

D - ?????????? ?? ????????? (??)???????????? ????? ?? ???? ???????????? = (????)? - ???? ????? ????????????? ?? ??-?? (????),2 - ??? ????????? ?????????? (????)

??? mD1 = mD2 = mD - ?0 = 1,4mD

sin ????????????? ????? ?? ??¸? ???????????? = (????)mD - ??? ????????? ?????????? ?? ??-?? (????)

? - ???? ????? ?????????????

?? ??-?? (????.)«?????-??????????»?C? = (????)?o -??? ??????????? ????? ?? ??????????? ?? ???? ??-??? (????): (?).

??t -??? ????????? ?? ????? ????? D1 ? D2 (+)

? - ???? ????? ?.?.1 ? ?.?.2 ? ????? ??????????? D1 ? D2???????????? ????? ?? ???? ?????????????? ????? ??¸? ???????????? = (????)D1,2,3 -?????????? ?? ?????????? (????)

m?? - ??? ????????? ????? (???. ???.)-2,2-3 - ?????????? ????? ??????????? (????)

? - ???? ??????????? ????? ????????? (????.)???????????? ????? ?? ??????????????? ???? ? ??????? ?? ???? ?? ???????????? = (????)?- ?????????? ?????????????? ???? (????.)? - ??? ????????? ???? (???. ???.)°- ??? ????????? ??????? (????.)- ?????????? ?? ????????? ????????? (????)-2 - ?????????? ????? ???????????

(????)???????????? ????? ?? ??????????????? ???? ? ????????? ?? ?????? ?? ???????????? = (????)m? - ??? ????????? ??????????????? ???? (???. ???.)

m2D - ??? ????????? ????????? (????)D1, D2 - ?????????? ???????????????? ????? ???????????? ??? ????¸?? ?????????? (????????) ??? ????? ????????????????????????? (????)d - ?????????? ????? ??????????? (????)???????????? ????? ?? ??????? ?? ???????? ? ?????? ??????? ( ? ? h )?? = (????)mh - ??? ????????? ?????? ??????? (???. ???.)- ??? ????????? ??????? ?? ???????? (????.)- ?????????? ?? ????????? (????)

? - ???? ??????????? ????? ????????? (????.)???????????? ????? ?? ????????? ?? ??? ??? ??? ? ?????????????? ?????????????????? ?????? = (????)m?? - ??? ? ??????????? ???.? (?????) mv - ??? ????????? ??????????????????? ????????? (???, ?. ?…..)?-???????? ????????? ???????? ???????? (??., ???, ?. ?…..)L-?????????? ? ?????????????????? ????? ?? ??????????? ????? = mpxsec h??x = mpx?mp-C?? ??????????? ?????????? ?? ????

hcp - ????????????????????? ????? ???????????? ??? ????¸?? ?????????? (????????) ??? ????? ??????????????? ??????? ?????? ?????A-???????? ???????? ????? ?????? ???? ?-?????????????? ??????

??????? 2.16 - ????????????? ??????????? ?????

?? = 1.3?????????? ?????????? ?? ????????? ??????????(???)?0 ????????? ???????? ? ?????????, ??????????, (????)0,10,20,30,40,50,60,70,80,91,01,11,21,31,41,51,61,71,81,92,050,1--------------------100,211-------------------150,32016------------------200,4262317-----------------250,532302620----------------300,63937342922---------------350,7464442383224--------------400,852514946413526-------------450,95958565349443724------------501666563605753474029-----------551,172717068656156504230----------601,27978777972696459524432---------651,3858583827976726862554633--------701,492919088868380767165574834-------751,59998979593918784797467594936------801,610510510410210098959187827770615137-----851,7112111110109107105102999591857972645338----901,81181181171161141121091061039994888275665439---951,912812712512212011911611411010710297918577685640--1002,0142141139136133129125119118114110105100948779695741-

2.4 ???? ????????????? ?????

?????? ???????? ? ???????? ?? ?????????????? ? ?????????????? ????? ?????????? ??????? ??? ???????? ?? ??????????. ?????????? ????????? ???????????? ??????? ?? ??????????? ?????????????? ?????: ??? ?????????? ???????? ???????? ????????? ???????? ???????????, ??????? ?????????? ? ????????? ???? ?????????????, ??????? ??????????, ?????????? ??????? ??????????.

??????? ?????????? ???????? ??????????? ??? ???????, ???????????? ?? ???????:

<4T + 3V2/g,

??? ????? ????? ?<230,08 ?

??? ? - ??????? ?????? ???????????? ?????, ?; V - ???????? ?????, ?/c; g - ????????? ?????????? ???????, ?/?2.

???????? ??????? ?????????? ??????????? ??? ????????? ?/? < 2. ??????? ???????? ?? ????? ???????? ?????????????? ? ?????????? ?????????????. ???????? ????????? ???? ????????? ?????????? ????? ?? ????? ????????, ?????????? ?????? ??? ?????, ?????????? ????????? ??????? ?? ????? ?? ????????. ???????????? ????????? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? 0,3 ?, ??? ??????? - ?? ????? 0,4 ? ????? ???? ????????? ?????? ?? ?????? ????????????? ????????? ??????? ? ?????????? ? ??? ???????, ??? ???????? ????? ????????? ????????? ????????, ? ?????????????? ??? ??????????? ? ??????? ?????? ??????? ? ????????. ??????? ??????? ?????????? ??????? ?? ???????? ????? V, ?????????? ? ????????????? ?? ???????? ? ???? ????? ?????, ??????????????? ?? ???????:

= V / V(gH).

??? Fr? <0,3 ??????? ?????????? ?? ???????? ???? ? ?????????? ??????? ??????????? ?? ??????????? ??? ????? ????????? ?/?.?????????? ??????????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????????, ??????? ?????????? ? ??????????? ??????? ? ??? ?/? = 1,5 ????????????? ?? 30% ?? ????????? ? ???????? ?????. ???????? ?? ????????? ?????????????????? ????????????? ???????? ?? ??????????, ???? ?????????????? ???? ???? ??????????? ???? ??????? ?????. ??????? ????????? ???? ????? ?? ?????????? ??? ??? ?????????, ??? ? ??? ???????? ?????????? ?????????????. ????? ???????????? ????? ????????? ????????????? ??????? ???????? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ? ???????? ??????????.

??? ???????? ????? ? ?????? ????? ?????? ? ???????? ???????? ??? ??????????? ??????? ?????? ???? ????????? ??????????? ?? ??????? ??????????? ???????. ??????? ????? ?? ??????? ?????? ?????????? ???? ? ??????????? ??????????? ?? ??? ? ???????, ??????????????? ??????. ? ?????????? ????????? ??????? «????????????» ??????? ????? ?? ??????. ? ?????? ????? ????????? «????????????» ????? ? ??????? ????? ???????????? ???????. ????? ???????? ??? ??????????? ??????????? ??????????? ?????? ???? ? ???????? ????? ?? ??????? ?????? ? ?????????????? ???????? ???????? ????? ?????? ? ????? ?????.

????????? ?????????, ???????????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ??????, ???????? ????? ? ????????. ???????? ????? ??????? ?? ??????? ????????? ????? ??????? ?????. ???? ? ????? ???????, ?.?. ??????????? ? ????????, ?????????? ???????? ????? ? ??????? ???????, ???????? ???? ??? ????? ???????? ??????????. ????? ???????? ????? ? ???? ?????, ??????????? ????????????? ??????? ??? ???????? ? ???????? ?????????????. ???????? ???? ??? ?????, ??????? ??????? ??????????? ? ??????????????????, ??? ???????, ?? ??????. ????? ????? ???? ?????? ? ??????, ????? ??? ?????, ??????????? ??? ??????. ????????????? ??????? ??? ??????? ???????? ????? ????? ???????????? ????? ???????????? ????????. ????????????? ??? ????? ????????? ???????????, ?????????????? ?? ????????? ?????? ????????? ????? ??????? ?????, ??????????: ??? ??????????? ??????????? ? ????? ????????? ????. ???????? ????????? ??? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ???????????? ????????, ??? ??????? ??? ?????????? ?????, ?????????? ?????????? ??????? ? ????? ????. ??? ?????????? ????? ??????, ???????????? ?????? ?????, ????? ?????????? ???????? ?????, ?????? ???? ????? ? ??????????????? ????? ????? ???? ????? ??????.

2.5 ?????? ????. ?????????? ????????????? ???????

????? ?????????? ??????????????? ????????? ?? ????? ??????? ?????????????? ????????????? ??????????, ????? ??????? ?? ??? ?? ????????, ??????? ????? ????? ?????? ???????? ??? ?????????? ????????.

??? ????????? ????? ???????? «?????? ?????», ??????????? ???????? ???????????, ? ? ????????? ??????? ? ??????? ?????.

.?????? ?????, ?????????? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ????????. ???????? ?????? ???????? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ???????? ?? ????????? ????? ????? (?? ????); ????? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ?? ???????? ????? (??? ??. ???????), ??? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????????.

.????? ????? ???????? ??????? ?????????? ? ??????????????? ?????, ??????? ????.

.????? (??????? ??????) ???????? ???????? ??????? ?????????, ??? ???????????? (?????, ?????, ?????, ???? ? ?.?.), ??? ? ????????????? (?????? ??????, ?????????? ???? ? ??.).

.??????? ?????????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ? ?????????, ????? ???????????? ?? ?????? ???.

.??????? ?????????? ? ???? ???, ???? ???, ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ?????.

.??????? ?????????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ? ??????.

.? ??????????????? ?????? ????? ??????????? ??????? ??????????, ??????????? ???????? ?????????? ????????? d, ???????????? ? ???? ????????.

.?????? ???????? ????????? «??????? ?????» ?? ??? ?? ????????, ??? ???? ????? ????????? ? ???????????????? ???????? ?? ?????????? ???? ??????????, ? ????? ???, ??? ?? ???????? ????? ??????? ? ?????????, ?????????? ?????????????? ???????????.

.? ????? ??????? ????? ????? ???????? ??????? ??????, ??????????? ?????????, ? ? ?????? ?? ?????????? ???????? ????????????? ??????????? ???????? (??????? ???????, ??????? ?????????? ? ?.?.). ? ?????? ????????????? ???????? ????????? ??? ????????? ?????????? ????????, ???????? ????? ????????? ???????????? ???????.

.?? ?????? ???????? ??????? ??? ???????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ???????????? ????? ???????? (????????????, ????????????????? ? ??.).

.? ????? ??????????? ???????????? ???????????? ?? ?????? ?????? ????????? (?????? ? ??.) ?????????? ???????? ? ???????? ??????????????????? ???????.

.??????? ?????????? ???????? ??????? ?????????, ??????????????? ??? ?????????? ??? ?????? ?????, ???????? ?????? ? ??????????? ???????? ???, ????????? ??? ??????????? ????? ????? ?? ????????, ???????? ???????.

.?????????? ???????? ????? ?????? ????????? ??????????? ????? ????? ?? ????????? ???????? ?????? ??????????, ??????????? ?????????????? ???????? ?? ????? ?????????? ? ???????????? ?? ????? ???? ?????.

.????????????? ?? ??????????? ????? ???????? ? ??????????? ? ??????????????? ?????? ????? ??,??, h??, ??, ? ?? ??????????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ????????.

.???????? ??????? ??????????????? ???, ????????? ??? ???????? ? ?????????? ?? ????? ???????.

.??????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ????????? ??? ?????????? ???????????.

.?????????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ????????? ??? ???????????????? ??????????.

.??????? ??????? ???????? ??? ????? ???? ?????, ?????????? ?? ???????? ? ???????? ??? ??????? ???????.

.??????? ??????? ??????? ??? ???.

.??????? ????? ????? ???? ???????? ?? ????????????

2.6 ??????????? ?????????? ??????

??????????? ?????????? ?????? ???¸??? ???????????????? ???????? ? ????? ??????????????? ?????? ?? ???????????? ????????. ?????????? ????? ???????????? ? ???????????? ? ?????????????? ???????????? ? ???????????? ?????????? ????????. ? ?????????? ?????? ??????????? ??????, ??????????? ??? ??????????? ???????????? ????????. ????????? ????? ???????????? ?? ??????? ??????: ????? ???????? ????? ??? ???????? ?????????????? ????????? ? ?????? ??? ?? ??????? ???????? ?? ??????; ???????? ?? ????????? ???????, ???? ??? ????? ? ?????? ????????? ?????. ??? ????????, ????? ?????????? ?????????????? ??????????? ???????? ????? ????? ?? ?????????? ?????????? ?? ? ????? ????????? ?????.

? ???????? ??????? ? ?????????? ?????????? ???????????? Passage Plan (Voyage Plan). ????????? Passage Plan, ??? ???????, ???????????? ??????????? ???????? ?????, ????????????? ?? ?????????, ? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ? ???? ????????????? ????? ???????????? ?????? ????????? ??????????, ??????? ??????? ?????, ????? ???? ???????????? ?????????.

.7 ??????????? ???? ????????

. ??????????? ???? - ??????????? ??????????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ? ???????????? ???????????, ??????????? ?????? ????????.

. ????? ???? ????? ??????????? ?? ????????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ? ?????? ?????? ?????, ??? ?????????? ??????? ? ???????????????? ??????????, ???????? ?? ???? - ?????? ? ??????????? ?????????? ????? ????.

.?????????? ???? ?????? ????????????? ???????? ???????????? (??????????????? ???? ??????????? ??????????, ????????? ? ??????? ??? ???????? ?????? ? ??.). ????? ?????????, ??????????????? ???? ??????????? ?????????? ???????? ????????????? ????.

. ??????????? ???? ???????? ???????????? ?? ??????????? ????? ????????? ???? ??????? ????????.

. ??? ??????????? ???????????? ????? ???????? ??????????????? ????????? ??????????:

• ???????????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ? ???? ??????????, ??????? ??????????? ?????, ??????? ? ????????????? ????????? ???????;
• ?????????????? ??????????? ???????? ????? ???????? ? ????????? ??? ????????;
• ??????????? ??????? ????, ?????????? ? ??????? (????) ? ?????? (????) ????? ?????;
• ?????????????? ???????????? ?? ??????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ;
• ??????????? ????? ??????? ??????? ? ?????? ??????;
• ??????????????? ???? ?? ??????????? ????????????? ???????????? ????????.

?????? ?????, ??????? ?? ????? ??????, ??? ????????? ?????? ??????? ????????. ???????? ?????? ???????? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ???????? ?? ????????? ????? ?????; ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ???????? ?????, ??? ??? ??????? ????????? ?????????.

???????? ??????? ?????????? ? ??????????????? ?????, ??????? ?? ??????? ?????????? ???????? ?????; ????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ????????? ??? ????????????, ??? ? ?????????????. ????? ??????? ?????????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ????????? ?????? ? ??????, ? ??????????????? ?????? ????? ??????? ????????? ?????????, ??????????? ? ???? ????????. ?????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ???? ?? ??? ?? ????????, ??? ???? ????? ????????? ? ???????????????? ???????? ?? ?????????? ???? ??????????, ? ????? ???, ??? ?? ???????? ????? ??????? ? ?????????, ?????????? ?????????????? ???????????. ? ????? ??????? ????? ????? ???????? ??????? ??????, ??????????? ?????????, ? ? ?????? ?? ?????????? ???????? ?????????????? ??????????? ????? ?????????.

? ?????? ?????????????, ???????? ????????? ??? ????????? ?????????? ????????, ???????? ????? ????????? ???????????? ???????.

? ????? ??????????? ???????????? ???????????, ? ?????? ?????????? ?????????, ???????? ? ???????? ??????????????????? ???????, ??????? ?????????? ???????? ??????? ?????????.

?????? ?????, ????? ??????????? ?????????????? ??????????, ??????????? ???????? ???????????? ? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ????????, ???????? ???????? ?????????? ??????? ????????????? ??????????? ?????????? ?????.

. ?????????? ?????? ? ????????? ??? ?????? ???????????????

3.1 ???????? ?????????? ????????? ???????? ??? ?????? ? ??????????? ? ?????????? ????????

??? ?????????? ? ???????? ? ???????? ???? ????????? ????????? ?????????? ?????? ?? ????????? ????????:

?????????? ??????? ??? ???????? ?? ???????????? ????????;

?????????? ?????????? ?? ?????, ????????? ?? ???????? ? ???????? ????? ?????????? ? ???????;

?????????? ?????? ? ????????????? ?????;

????????-???????? ? ??????-???????? ????????? ?????? ????:

????? ? ??????????? ???????? ????? ? ???????, ???? ??????? ??????? ????.

????? ????, ?????????? ????? ????? ??? ?????, ??????? ??? ????? ???????? ??????? ? ??????????? ?? ????????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?? 0,6 ?? 1 ?.

??? ??????? ? ??????????? ??????? ? ?? ???? ???? ?????????? ? ???????? ???? ?????????? ??????? ???????????? ????? ?? ????????? ????????? ???????? ??? ?????? ??????. ???????? ????? ? ???????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????????????? ? ?????? ????, ??? ?? ?????? ????????? ???? ????? ????? ???? ?????????????. ??????? ????????? ??????????? ?????? ? ????? ??????????, ? ????????, ??? ??? ?????? ???????? ?????.

????? ? ???????? ????????? ?????? ???? ????????????? ? ????? ? ???????. ??????? ??????? ?????? ?????????? ? ???????? ????????? ?? ??? ????? ?????????? ? ?????????? ????? ? ?????????? ?????? ? ?????????? ????????.

??????? ????????? ?????????? ??????????????? ????????? ?? ??????????? ????? ? ???????????? ? ??????????? ?? ????????????.

????? ?????? ? ??????? ??????????:

??????? ????????? ??????? ????? ?? ??????? ? ? ???????? ?????????;

??????????? ???????? ???????????, ??????? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ??????????;

????????? ???????? ????????????? ? ??????? ????? ?????????? ?????????? ?? ?????? ??????? ????????;

????????? ?????? ????????? ?????????;

?????????? ???????? ???????? ? ???????? ???????????? ? ????????????? ????, ? ????? ???????? ????????????? ?????;

???? ?????????, ??????????? ??????? ??? ????? ? ??????? ???????, ??????? ????? ????????? ?????? ? ???????? ?????????;

??????????? ???????, ??????????? ?? ??????? ????????, ???? ??????? ????????? ? ?????? ??????, ? ????? ???????????? ? ????? ??????? ??? ?????, ????????? ??????????? ???????????.

??????? ??????????, ??????? ???????? ? ?????????, ???? ????????? ? ? ??????? ????? ???????? ? ???????? ????? ?? ??? ?????????? ??????????; ???????? ??????????? ??????? ????? ??? ?????, ?? ???? ????????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ??????.

?? ??? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??? ????, ??? ??????????. ????? ?????? ???? ???????????? ? ?????? ? ???????????? ?????? ?????????? ?????????.

??? ???????? ? ?????????? ????? ?????????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ? ????????? ? ????????????? ?????????, ??????????? ??????? ??????? ?????????????? ??????????:

?????????? ????????????? ???? ???????? ????? ? ??????????? ?????? ???????;

????????? ????????????? ?????: ?????????? ?????????? ??????? ????? ? ?????????? ?? ?????:

?????????? ?????? ???????????? ??? ??????? ????? ? ??????????? ? ????;

?????????? ??????? ? ?????? ??????;

?????????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ?????, ??????? ? ???????? ??? ? ???????, ? ?????? ?? ???.

?? ???? ??????? ??????????? ? ??????, ??????? ????? ???? ? ? ?????? ???????, ????? ?????????? ?????????? ?????? ?????????????, ??????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?????.

?????? ?????????? ???????? ????? ???????? ? ????. ??? ?????, ???????? ?? ??????????? ???????? ?????, ???????? ?????????????.

3.2 ?????????????? ? ?????????? ?????? ?? ??????? «??????? ?? ??????»

???????? ??? ??????? ???????? ?? ????

??? ??????? ???????? ?? ???? ???, ??? ??? ???????, ?????? ?????????? ???????? ?? ???? ???????????? ???? ? ???????? ?????????? ????????? ???????? («??????? ?? ?????? ??????!»).

????????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?????????? ???? ?? ????, ? ???????? ????????? ??????? ????????, ????? ??????? ????? ? ????????? ??????????? ????????? ???????? ? ???? ??? ????. ???????????? ?? ?????????? ? ????? ??????? ???????????? ???? ?? ???????????? ????, ????????? ??????? «??????? ?? ??????», ?????????? ???????????, ??????? ?????? ?????????? ??????? ?? ??????? ?????????, ????????? ? ?????? ????? ?????????, ???????? ???????? ?? ????????????????, ??????????? ????? ??? ?????? ???? ?????????????? ?????? ?????, ? ??? ?????????? ????????? ??????? - ???????? ?????? ?????????? ????? ?????. ? ??????? ??????????? ????????? ????????? ???????? ?????????? ?????????????: «?????: ??????, ????, ???????, ??????????!».

??????? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ? ????? ??????? ???????? ?? ????, ????????? ???????? ??????????? ? ???????????? ???????? ? ???????? ?????????? ????????, ????????? ?? ??? ????? ??????????? ????, ????????? ???? «OSCAR» ?? ???. ??????? ???????? ???????? ??? ??????????????? ?????, ??? ?????????? ?? ?????? ??? ?????????????? ??????????? ?????????? ?????, ?? ? ??? ?????????? ???????? ?? ???? ???????? ? ???. ??? ??? ????? ??????? ??????. ? ???????? ?????????????? ????? ????????? ???? ???????? ??????.

?????? ??????????? ? ??????????? ?? ??????????? ???????? ? ???? ?????????????? ????? ???????????? ????????? ??????????? ??????? ????? «??????? ?? ??????».

???? ??????? ???????? ???????? ? ??????? ? ???? ??????????????? ??????????, ????????????? ????????? ??????????? ?????? «??????? ??????? (?????? 270°)». ???? ??????????????? ? ????????? «?? ????»; ????? ?????????? ?? ??????????????? ????? ?? 250° ?????????? ???? ? ????????? «?????» ? ??????????? ??????. ??????? ??????? ??????? ????? ???????? ????? ? ????? ??????? ???????? ?? ????, ?????? ?? ?????????? ??? ? ???? ???????????? ?????.

???? ? ??????? ???????? ?? ???? ??????? ???????? ? ???? ??????????? ? ????????? ?????????, ????????????? ?????? «??????? ??????????» (?????? ?????????)». ???? ??????????????? ?? ????; ????? ?????????? ?? ??????????????? ????? ?? 60° ????????? ???? ?? ??????????????? ????; ?? ????????? 20° ?? ????????? ?????, ?????????? ???? ? ????????? «?????» ? ???? ?? ???????? ????. ? ??????? ??????????? ????????? ????? ?????????? ???????? ??????? «??????? ?? ??????» ???????? ????????? ? ?????? ????????????? ??????? ??????????? ?????, ???????????? ?? ???????? ??????????. ??????????? ???????? ??? ??????? ? ?????? ????? ???? ???????? ?? ????????? ?????, ??????????? ????? ?????????? ???? ?? ??????????????? ???? (? ??????? ? ????????) ? ??????? ? ????? ?????? ???????.

??????? ?????????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ?? ??????????, ??? ??????? ???????, ? ???????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ???????? ?? ????, ?? ???????? ????? ?????????? ????? ?? ??? ????? ? ? ???? ???????????? ????. ????? ????? ????????? ????? ?????? ???????, ???????? ?????? ???? ???????, ????? ????? ????? ?????? ????????????.

? ????????. ????? ???? ??????? ???????? ?? ???? ?? ??????????, ?? ?????????? ??????? ????????????? ?? ????? ????? ????????, ???????????? ??????? ??????? (? ?????? ???????????? - ??????? ???????). ???? ????? ??????????????? ? ????????? «?? ????»; ????? ?????????? ?? ??????????????? ????? ?? 240° ???? ????? ?????????? ?? ??????????????? ????. ?? ????????? 20° ?? ????????? ?????, ???? ?????????? ? ????????? «?????», ????? ????? ????? ????? ?? ???????? ????.

??????? ??????? ????????? ????? ???????, ??? ??????? ??????????, ????????? ? ???? ???????????? ????, ?????? ????? ?????????? ???????? ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????????? ?? ????? ????? ?????????????? ?? ?????????? ?????? ???????.

???? ??????????? ???????, ???????????????? ? ?????? ???????? ??????; ??? ?????? ???????? ? ???? ??????????????? ?? ???? ????? ?????????? ??????????? ???????????? ????? ? ??????, ??????????, ???????? ?????. ?????????? ?????????? ????? ??????? ? ?????????????????? ? ???????????? ??????? (???? ?????? ??????????????? ?? ?????????????) ? ?? ????????????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????????? ? ???? ??? ???????? ?????? ???????? ?? ??????.

??? ??????? ? ????? ??????? ???????? ????? ???????? ??????? ????? ? ???????? ?? ???? ???????? ??????. ???? ?????????????? ????????? ??????? ????????????? ??????????????? ?? ???? ?????, ????? ???????? ???????? ????? ?? ????? ? ???????? ????????????? ? ?????, ??????? ?????? ? ???? ??? ???????? ??? ??????.

? ??? ???????, ????? ?????????? ?????????? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ????????, ? ??????????? ? ???????? ???????????? ?????????, ????? ? ????? ??????? ???????? ?? ???? ????????????, ???????????? ?? ??????? ?? ????????????????, ??????????? ????? ??? ?? ?????? ????. ??? ????? ??????????? ?? ???????? ??? ??????.

3.3 ?????????? ???????? ?? ????? ? ?????? ??????? ?????????????????????? ????????

????????? ????? ??? ??????? ??????????? ?????

? ?????????? ????, ??? ?????????????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????????????? ?? ????? ?????????, ????????????? ??????????? ????? ?? ????? ?????????????, ? ??????????? ?? ???? ????? ? ??????????? ?? ????? ??? ????????? ?????????? ???????, ??? ? ?????????? ???, ? ? ???? ??????? ?????? ??????????? ????????? ????? ??? ?????? ????????.

??? ???????? ????? ????? ??????????? ?????, ???????? ???????? ????? ???????? ?? ???? ????? ? ??????????? ??????? ??????? ?????????? ????? ? ??????? ??????????? ????? ????????????? ?????????.

??????? ?????, ??? ???????, ?????? ????????? ?????????????? ????? ? ????????, ??????? ??????? ??????????, ? ?? ?? ????? ?????? ????????? ????? ????????? ????????? ????? ? ?????????? ????????? ? ????????? ???????????. ?????? ????? ?????????? ????? ?? ??????? ???????, ??????? ??????? ??????????????? ???????? ??????, ? ????? ???????? ??? ? ???????.

??? ???? ?????????? ????? ?????, ??? ? ?????, ?? ???????? ????, ??????????? ?????? ????? ???????? ?? ?????????????????? ?? ? ???.

???, ??? ???????? ?????? ?????????? ? ???? ???????? ?????? ????? ?????????? ?????????? ??? ????? ? ??????? ???????. ????? ???? ?????? ????????????? ? ????? ????????, ????? ????? ??? ??????? ? ???????? ??????? ????????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ? ????????????? ??????????? ???????.

??? ???????? ?? ? ????? ?????????????? ?? ????????? ???????????? ????????? ?? ?????? ????????? ??? ????????? ????? ? ??????? ? ????? ????????, ????? ????? ? ????? ???????? ? ??????? ?? ????????? ???.

?? ???? ????????? ??????? ????????? ????? ? ??????? ??? ????????? ????? ??????? ??????????? ? ??????? ???????????? ????? (???. 4.8, ????????? I) ??????? ???????? ???????? ????? ?? ??????????? ?????? ? ???????????? ?????? ????? ??? ?????????? ?????????????, ?? ???????? ??????? ?????.

???. 4.8. ????????? ????? ??? ??????? ?????????? ?????

????????? ??????? ???? ????????? ????? ? ???????? ??????? ? ????????? ???? ? ??????? ???????, ????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ? ???????? ? ???????, ????????? ??? ????? ??????? ???? ???? ????????? (????????? II)

?? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ???? ??? ????????? ???????? ??????????????? ???????? ????????? ????, ???????????? ????? ????? ?? ?????,

? ?? ?? ????? ???? ????????? ? ?????????? ?????????????? ??????? ???? ????????? ??????????? ????????? ? ???????? ? ?????????? ????????? (????????? III).

????? ????????????? ???????? ? ???????? (????????? IV) ????? ?? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ?????????. ????? ???? ??????? ????? ??????? ? ???? ?? ??????, ????????? ????????????? ?, ??????????? ?????????, ?????????? ? ??? ??????? ???????? ???????? ????? ? ???????. ??? ???? ????, ???????????? ? ???????? ??????????, ?????? ????? ??????????? ????????

.

?????????????, ??? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ??????????? ???? ? ????????? ??????????

??? - ?????????? ?? ????? ???????? ????? ? ???????? ?? ?????????? ? ?? ?????, ?;

- ?????????? ???????????? ???? ?????.

?????? ????????, ??? ??? ??????????? ?????? ??? ???????????? ??????????? ??????????? ?? ????? ???, ??????? ????? ???????? ??? ?? ?????? ?????? ????????? ? ???? ?????????? ????, ??? ? ?? ???? ????? ? ??????????? ????????,

??? ????? ?? ???. 4.9, ??? ???????? ??????????? ?? ???????? ??? ????? ? ????????? ??????? ???? ????? ????? ?????????? ??????????? ?????? ? ??????? ???????. ? ???? ?? ??????????? ????? ??????????? ? ???????? ??????.

????????????? ???????? ????? ? ??????? ??????? ????? ?????? ? ??????, ???? ??????, ??????????? ?????, ??????????? ?? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ?????????, ????? ?????? ????? ???? ?????????????.

???. 4.9. ????? ???, ??????????? ?? ????? ??? ????????? ?????:

- ?????????? ? ?????????? ???????????? ???? ?????;

?- ????????? ??????? ????; ? - ???? ?????; - ???? ?? ????

??????? ??????????? ?????????? ??????? ???????????? ????????????

(4.7)

??? , , - ?????????????? ??????? ???? ?? ????, ????? ? ????? ????? ???????????? ????? ? - ????? ???????????? ???????? ?????;

, - ????????? ???????? ????? ? ???? ?? ?????? ??????? ?????, ?;

- ????????? ?????? ?????????? ?? ???????? ?????, ?.

????????? ? ??????????????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ????? ??????????? ????? ????, ????? ???????, ??? ???? ?? ???? ????????? ???????????? ??????? ???????, ??????????? ??????, ??????? ???????? ? ?????????? ??????.

??? ???? ???????

(4.8)

??? - ???????????, ????????? ?? ???? ?????????? ????, ??????? ??? ????? ? ???????? 20-25° ????? ???? ?????? ?????? 0,3.

??? ???????? ?? ?????? ?????:

(4.9)

???, - ???????????????? ???????????? ???????;

? - ??????? ???????? ?????, ??/?;

- ??????? ?????, ?;

- ????????? ???????? ????? ?? ?? ?????, ?;

- ??????? ?????? ????, ?;

- ??????????? ????? ????? ?? ?????????;

- ????????? ???? ? ???????, ??????????????, ??/?3;

- ???????? ?????, ?/?.

??? ??????? ??????????? (4.7) ?????????? ????? ?????, ??? ? ?? ????? ????????? ????????????? ????????. ??????????? ?????????? ??????? ???????? ???? ????????? ???????????? ?? ???????, ????? ??????????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?????, ?.?. ?????? ??????????? ????????? , ??? ????????, ??? ???? ???? ?? ????????? ? , , ??????

(4.10)

??? - ???????? ???? ?????, ?;

- ???? ????? ??????? ????? ? ?? ?????, ????.

??????????? ??????? ????????? ??????? ?????????? ?????????? ????????? ?????, ??? ??????? ???????? ??????????????? ?????????? ??????? ??? ??????? ????????? ????? (??? ????????, ?????????? ? ??,). ???????? ?????? ??????? ????? ????????? ?????.

. ???????????? ???????? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ???????? ?????? ? ????? ?????????

. ????????, ??? ???????????? ????, ??????? ????? ????????? ????, ?? ????? ????????? 0,75-0,85 ???, ?????????????? ??????????? ? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ????

(4.11)

. ???????????? ???????? ????????????????? ???????, ??????? ????? ???? ?????????????? ??????? ???? ? ?????

(4.12)

. ???????, ??? ???????? ??????????????? ??????? ?????????? ? ?????? ???????????? ?????????? ????? ?? ?????????, ?????????? ?????????? ???????? ?????

(4.13)

??? ???????? ????? ????????? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ?????????, ?? ???? ???????????? ?????? ????? ? ??????? ? ????? ??????????? ?????????? ???????, ? ??????? ???????? ?????? ???? ?????? ???????? ?? ?????, ????? ??? ????? ?? ??? ???????? ?????? ?? ???????. ???????, ??? ???????, ???????? ???????? ?? ?????, ?. ?. ??????? ?????????? ??? ??????? ?????????? ? ?????????.

????? ??????????? ? ??????? ????, ??? ? ??? ????????? ??? ?????, ??????? ????????? ?? ???????? ??? ??? ???????????? ?? ??????? ???? ?? ??????? ??????? ??????????? ? ??????? ?????. ??????, ? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ??????????? ??????, ????? ????? ???? ?????????? ???????? ?????:

(4.14)

??? - ???? ?? ????, ??;

- ?????????? ?? ????? ???????? ????? ? ???????? ?? ???? (l = L), ?;

- ?????????? ?? ????? ???????? ?? ??;

- ????????? ????? ???????? ????? ? ???????? ?? ?? ?????, ?;

- ?????????? ???????????? ????????? ???????;

- ????????? ????? ???????? ?? ?????, ????? ??????? ????? ?????? (??. ???. 4.6).

??? ????? ?? ???????, ????? ?????? ???????? ?????????? ????????????? ???????? ????? ? ??????? ?????????? ???????? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ???????? ????? ? ????????.

???? ? ??? ???? ????? ????? ??????????? ? ???????, ????????????? ??????? ???????? ????????? ??????? ? ?????? ?????????? ??? ??????.

??????? ????????, ??? ??? ?????? ???????? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ? ??????? ?????????????? ? ????????, ??? ? ??? ?????????? ?????. ??? ?????? ???????? ?????, ???????????? ??? ????????? ????? ? ????? ???????, ????????? ? ???????? ????? ????????????, ?????? ?????? ?????, ??? ??????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ??????????????? ???????? ??????.

???? ????? ????? ?????????????? ??????????, ?? ????????? ????? ?????? ? ??????? ????????????? ?????, ??????? ???????? ?? ???? ?????????????? ??????? ?????????? ??? ? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ????????? ? ????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ????? ?????????.

????????? ????? ??? ??????? ??????????? ???????

??? ????????, ???????? ???? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ????????????? ???????? ???????? ??????. ? ????? ? ???? ????????????? ?????, ?????????? ? ?????????? ????????? ???????????? ??????, ????? ? ???????????? ??????? ???????????? ??? ?????????, ??? ? ???????????? ???????, ? ?????, ?????????? ?? ????????? ???????????? ?????? ?????? ???????, ???????? ???? ????? ?????????? ??????? ?? ????????? v = V + v?. ??? ?????????? ?? ????? ?? ??????? v = V - v?, ?, ?. ????????????? ????? ? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????, ??? ?? ??????. ???? ?? V = v?, ?? ?????, ????????? ?? ???????, ?????? ???????? ?????????????.

???????, ???? ???????? ????? ??????? ??????????????, ????????? ????? ?????? ??????? ????????????????, ??? ?? ???????.

???. 4.10. ????????? ????? ??? ????????? ???????

????????? ????? ? ???????? ?????????? ??????????? ? ????? ????????, ????? ????? ????? ????? ????????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?? ??????????? ????? ????????? ? ? ????????? ???????? ? ????? ??????? ???????? ???????????? ?????? (???. 4.10), ???????? ?? ??????? ?? ?????????? ???????? 0,5-1,0 ?????? ????? (????????? I, II, III). ? ???? ?????? ???????? ? ????? ?? ???????????? ??????? ??????????, ?? ??????? ????? ?????????? ?????????? ? ????? ??????? (????????? IV).

??? ?????????? ??????? ??????? ????? ? ????, ??? ?????????? ???????? ???????? ????????? ?? ?????? ??? ??????????? ????????????, ??? ??? ??? ???????? ? ???????????? ????? ? ?? ??? ?????? ???????, ? ?????????? ???? ????????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ?????.

??? ????????? ? ??????????? ?????????? ??????? ?? ?????? ????????????? ????? ???????, ????? ??????? ???????? ?? V1 ? ?????? ??????? ?? V2 = v? ? ????? ??????????? ??? ???????? ???????? ???????.

???? ???????? ??????? ???? ? ?? ????????? ????????, ??????????????? ???????????? ????? ???????? ?????????, ?? ? ????? ?1 ???? «????», ? ????? ????????? ????? ????????? ????????? ?1:

(4.15)

??? ???????????? ???????? ??????? ? ????? ?1 ???????????? ?????????? ???????? ?????? ????????? ? ?1 ?? ?2, ??? ??????? ??????????????? ????? ?????????? ???????? ???????? V2 ????? ????? v?. ? ???? ?????? ????????? ????? ?1 ????????????:

(4.16)

??? V - ???????? ????? (1,05-1,10) V2, ?/?;

- ????, ?????????? ?????? ??? ??????? ???????? ?? V1 ?? V2 ?;

- ???? ?????, ??????????????? ????? ???????? ????????? ?2 ??? ???????? V2, ?;

- ????????????? ???? ???????? ????? ??? ???????? V, ?.

???? ????????? ? ???????? ?????????? ???????????? ??? ???????????? ?????, ?? ????????? ?????? ?????????????? ? ??????? ?????, ??????? ??????? ???????? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ? ?????? ????????? ? ?????????. ??? ?????????? ??????? ????? ???????????? ????????? ? ???????? ? ?????, ??????????? ??????? ????? ????????? ?? ??????????, ???????? ?????? ????? ??????????? ????????.

?? ??????? ? ??????? ???????? ????? ? ???????????????? ??????? ?????, ? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????????????? ?? ????? ??????????? ??????? ??? ???????????? ???????, ???????? ??????? ??????????. ??????????? ??????? ???? ??????, ????? ?? ????????? ?????????? ?? ??????? ? ????? ???????, ????? ??????????? ???? ????????? ??????? ???? ???????? ? ????????? ????? ? ????.

????????? ?? ??????? ?????? ?????????????? ? ??????? ????? (???. 4.11), ??????? ????????? ??????????? ????????? ? ???????? ??? ????????? ???????? ???????????? ??????, ???????? ? ?? ?? ????? ????????????? ????? ?? ???? ??????, ?????????? ??????? ?????.

??? ?????????? ??????? (??. ???. 4.11, ?, ????????? I) ?????? ????? ? ???????????????? ??????? ????? ? ???????????? ??????? ???? ?? ??????? ??????, ????? ????? ????? ????????? ??????, ???????????? ??????? ? ?????? ????? ?? ??????.

???. 4.11. ????????? ????? ?? ???????? ???????:

?) ????? ??????????????; ?) ????, ??????????? ?? ?????

??? ?????? ???????? ?????????????? (????????? II), ?????? ???????? ??????????, ????????????? ????????? ?. ??????????? ??????? ? ??????? ????, ?????????? ?? ??????? ? ????? ???????.

?????? ??????? ????????, ??-??????, ? ??????????? ??????? ???????? ?????, ??? ??????? ??????????? ?? ????????????? ????? ? ?????????? ????????? ?? ??????? ????; ??-??????, ? ??????? ?????????? ?????? ?????????????? ??????? ????, ??? ??????? ????? ????? ?????????? (??????????), ?? ? ?? ?? ????? ?? ????? ????????? ????? ????????? ??????? ???????? ????????? ? ????????. ?????? ????? ? ????? ????????, ????? ?? ?????? ????????? ? ?? ???? ??????, ??????????? ? ????? ? ?????????? ??????? ??????? ???? ??-?? ???????????? ???????? ??????? ? ????? ?????? ?????, ??????? ??? ?????????? ????????????? ????? ? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ???????? ???????, ? ????? ??????, ??? ????? ?????? ?????????? ?? ???????????? ?????????? ?? ??????? ??? ??????????? ??????? ?????????????? ?? ????? ????????? ? ????????.

???????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ? ??????????? ??? ???????????? ???????? ????????? ????? ???? ???????? ?? ????????? ???????????.

??? ?????????? ????????????? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ??????? ???????? n, ??? ??????? ???????? ??????, ????????? ??? ???????, ????? ?????? ???????? ???????, ?. ?. v???? > v?.

????????

(4.17)

???????? ?????????? ?????????, ??? ??????? ????? ?????? ????????? ????, ? ??????? ?? ??????????? ??????? ?????.

????? ? ?????????? ???????????? ????? ?????????? ?????????? ??????? ???????? ?????, ??? ??????? ????? ????? ??????????,

(4.18)

????????, ??? ?????????? ???????? ????????? ????? ? ???????? ??? ??????? ?????????? ????????????? ????? ? ??????, ???? ??? ???????? ????? ? ??????? ???????? ????? n1 ??????????????? ????????? ???????? , ????? ????????? ? ?????????? (???. 4.11, ?). ?????

(4.19)

??? - ???? ?????, ??????? ??????????? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ????????? ??? ????? ???????? ?1;

- ???? ???????? ??????? ?? ?????, ?;

- ???? ??????? ??????? ???? ? ?????, ????;

- ???????? ???? ?????, ?,

????????, ??? , ????? ?????????? ??????????? ????? ??????? ????, ??? ??????? ??????????? ???????????? ???? ???????:

(4.20)

??? - ??????? ?????, ?;

- ?????????? ????? ??? ??????? ????, ?.

3.4 ???????? ?????????? ????????? ? ????????? ?????????

????????? ?????? ??????????????

??????? ???? ? ??????????? ????????? ???????? ? ???????????????.

????????? ??? ????????? ???? ??? ?????????????? ????????? ?????????????? ?? ???? ? ?? ??????????? ?? ??????.

???????? ? ?????????? ??????? ?? ?????.

?????????? ?????? ?????, ?? ????????? ? ??????????? ??????????? ???????, ? ????? ?????, ??????? ???????? ????????????.

???????? ???????? ???????, ??????? ????, ????????? ?? ????? ?????? ???????. ? ????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ???????, ??????????? ??????? ??????????? ? ???????????? ????????, ???????? ??????????????? ????????.

???????? ???????? ? ???????? ????????. ? ?????? ??. ?????????? ?????????? ??????? ?? ?? ?????.

???????? ????????? ??????????? ? ????????? ?????????? ??????????? (? ????????? ?????). ?????? ? ??????? ?????????? ??? ? ??????????? ????? ?????? ???????.

??????? ??????????????????.

?????????? ? ???????? ????? ?????????????? ? ?????? ? ??????? ???????.

? ?????? ??????? ? ???????? ????? ??????? ?????? ? ??????? ???????.

????????????? ?????

??????? ?? ?????? ?????????? ????? ? ????????? ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????????????? ?? ?????????? ??????-?????????? (???). ??? ????????????? ??????? ?? ????????? ?????????? ????? ?? ??????????? ?????????.

???????? ????????.

??? ??????? ??????????? ??????? ????????? ????? ? ??????? ?? ??????????? ?????????? ??? ???? ??????? ????? ? ?????????? ????? ?????????? ?? ?????. ??????? ??????? ?? ???.

??????????? ????? ? ??????.

??????????? ?????????????? ???? ????????????? ????? ?? ?????????.

??????? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ???????? ??? ??????? ???? ? ???????????? ? ?????-72, ??????? 27 (?), (i), (ii).

? ?????? ???????????? ????????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ?????-72, ??????? 35 (?).

???? ????? ????????? ? ???? ???????? ????? ????????????? ????????, ?????????? ?? ???-????? ??? ????. ?????????? ???? ?????????????.

???????? ????? ?????.

?????????? ??????? ? ??????????? ?????? ?????.

???????? ?????? ? ???.

????????????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????? ???????.

? ?????? ?????? ????? ? ???????? ?????????? ? ?????????? ???????? ??????? ???? ?? ???????? ????? ????? ?? ??? ????, ??????? ???????????????? ????? ????? ?? ???? ?, ?? ???????????, ?????? ????????? ??????? ?? ??????????? ?????? ? ?????????.

????? ?? ????? ???????? ??????????

??????? ?? ??????????? ?????????? ??? ?? ????????? ?????????? ????? ??? ??????? ???????.

???????? ?????????? ????????.

? ?????? ????????????? ???????? ?? ??????????? ?????????? - ?????????? ???????? ?????.

???????? ????????.

??????? ??????? ? ???????????? ? ?????-72, ??????? 27 (?), (i), (ii),

(iii) ??? ?????, ????????? ??????????? ???????????.

? ???????? ???????????? ????????? ???????? ???????: ???? ??????????????? ? ??? ???????? ????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ?????-72, ??????? 35 (?).

?? ???? ??????????? ??????? ????? ? ???? ?????????? ?????? ?????.

??????? ??????? ?? ???????????.

?????????? ????? ????? ? ??????? ?? ?????.

???????? ? ??????????? ? ??????? ??????.

????? ?? ????? ??? ?? ??? ????????? ?????????

???????? ?????????? ?? ? ??????????? ???? ?????????? (???) ??? ???????? ????????? (??). ???????? ?????????? ????????.

???????? ????????.

??????????? ? ????????? ????????? ???????? ??? ????? ? ??? ??? ??.

???????? ? ??????? ??????.

????????? ???????? ?????????

???????? ????????.

??????????? ????? ? ????????????? ??????????? ??? ???????? ????? ??????? ????????? ???????????? ????.

??? ???????? ?? ?????????? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????????? ????? ? ??????.

??????? ??????? ? ???????????? ? ?????-72, ??????? 27 (?), (i), (ii), (iii) ??? ?????, ????????? ??????????? ???????????.

? ???????? ???????????? ????????? ???????? ???????? ???-????: ?? ????????? ????? ???????????? ???? - ???? ??????????????? ? ??? ????????, ? ????? ????????? ????? - ??? ???????????????, ? ???????????? ? ?????-72, ??????? 35 (?), (?).

???????? ?? ????? ????? ?????.

??????? ?? ??????????? ???????.

?????????? ?????? ???? ?? ???-?????.

???????? ? ??????????? ? ??????? ??????.

???????? ??? ??????? ???????? ?? ????

?????????? ???? ? ??????? ?????, ? ???????? ????????? ??????? ????????.

??????? ? ???? ???????????? ???? ?? ?????????? ??????.

???????? ??????? «??????? ?? ??????».

????????? ??????????? ?? ??????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??????? ????????.

??????? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ????.

????????? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ???????? ???? (???? ????????? ??????????????).

???????? ????????.

???????? ?????????? ????????.

??????? ?????? «?????» ?? ?????????????? ????? ???-????? (???).

??????? ?????????? ?? ???-?????. ??? ??????????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ??? ??????????????? ????? ? ????????? ?? ?? ???? ?????????????.

???????? ? ?????????? ?????????? ????? ??????? ???????? ? ??????????????? ???????????.

??????? ????? ??????? ???????? ?? ????? ? ?????? ?????????? ??????? ????????? ?????????????? ?????.

? ?????? ????? ????? ???????? ????????? ??????????.

???????? ? ??????????? ? ??????? ??????.

??????????? ?????? (????????????? ?????) ? ???????? ????

????????? ?????????? ??????? ????? ?????????? ??????????-?? ??????? (??????), ?? ????? ??? ?? ????.

???????? ????????.

???????? ???? ????? ? ??????? ????????? ?? ??????? (??????).

???????????? ?????????? ???????? ? ?????????? ? ????????.

???????? ??????? «??????? ?? ??????».

???? ????????? ??????, ???????? ?????? ?? ???????????? ????????, ????????? ????????? ?????? (????).

???? ?????? ?????????, ???????? ? ?????????? ?????? ? ????????????? ????? ??????????, ????????? ?? ??? ?????? ??????? ? ????????? ???????, ????????? ????? ????????????? ???????. ???????? ?????? (????) ?? ????, ????????? ? ?????.

???? ? ?????? (?? ?????) ???? ???? ? ??? ????????? ? ??????, ????? ?? ?? ????, ??????? ??????, ????????? ? ????????? ????.

???? ??? ??????????? ????? ?????? (????) ?? ????, ???????? ?????????? ?????????????? ?????? (?????) ????? ? ???? ??? ????????.

???????? ?? ????? ?????? ???????????? ???????????? ?????? ??????????? ? ???????? ????? ???????? ?????, ???????? ??????????? ?????? (????) ? ???????????.

???? ??????????? ????????? ??? ?????, ??????????? ? ????) ??????, ? ?????????? ?????? (?????), ?? ??????????, ???? ? ??????????? ?????.

??????????? ???????? ? ??????

????????????? ??????, ?????????? ??????????????? ?????????? ?? ????? ??? ??????.

?????????????????? ???????????????? ?????????? ????? ?????????? ?? ??????? ?????? ????????.

??????? ?? ????? ???? ????????? ????? ? ?????????????? ????? ??????????? ? ??????.

???????????? ?????????? ???????? ? ?????????? ? ????????.

???????? ????????.

???????? ???????????? ??? ?? 16-? ??????, ?????????? ????????? ? ????????? ??????? ????????, ????????, ??? ? ? ????? ?????? ?????????.

????????? ????. ????????? ? ????? ?????? ????????.

???????? ???????. ????????????? ??????? ??????.

???????? ????????? ????????????? ???????? ?????? ????? ?? ????

??????? ????????????? ????????? ????????.

??????? ?? ????? ????????? ?????, ???????? ? ???????? ????? ? ??????? ??????? (?????????? ?? ????????????????? ??????????) .

?????? ???????? ???????????? ????????? ????????????? ?????????? ? ???????? ???????????? ???????? ?? ?????.

???????? ???????? ? ??????????? ??????, ????????????????? ?? ????????????????? ? ????????, ????????? ??????. ??????????? ? ?????? ?????? ???????, ?????????? ?? ?? ?????????????????. ???? ????????? ???????? ????????? ??? ????????? ?????????????? ?? ????????? ??? ???????? ???????? ? ???????, ??? ?????? ??????????????? ??????? ??????????? ?? ????? ???????? ????????.

????????? ????????????? ???????????? ????? ?? ????

?????????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ?????????? ?????, ?? ????????? ??? ???? ????????? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ? ?????.

????????? ???????? ????? ?????????, ????? ??? ?????? ????????? ?????????????.

???????? ??????????? ???????.

???????? ????????.

????????????? ?????????? ????????.

???????? ?????????? ????? ? ??????????? ??????????? ? ??????????.

?????????? ?????????? ????? ?? ?????????????? ??????????? ????????????? ??????? ? ???????? (?????).

????????? ?????????? ???? ???????????? ??????? ? ?????????????.

??????????? ? ???????? ??????????????? ????????.

????? ???????, ? ??? ????? ????????? ??????, ?????? ???????????? ?????? ? ????????????.

???????? ??? ????????????????? ????? ? ????????????.

??????? ??? ???? ??? ???????????? ????????? ?????? ????? ? ???????????? ?????, ???????? ????????? ??? ????????????.

??????? ????? ?? ????

?????????? ??????? ?????????.

???????? ??????????? ???????.

??????? ????????????????? ?????.

???????? ?????????? ????????.

???????? ????????.

???????? ???????????? ??? ?? 16-? ??????.

??????? ??????????????? ???????, ???????? ?????-72, ??? ????? ?? ????.

? ???????? ???????????? ????????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ? ???????????? ? ?????-72 (????? ? ??????? ?, ???? ?????????, ? ????, ??? ?????????? ??? ?????, ???????? ?? ?????.

????????????? ???????? ??? ????????? ?????????? ????? ? ??????? ??????????????? ????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ? ??????? ? ????? ????). ????? ?? ???? ????? ????????????? ???????? ??????? ?? ??? «???????» ????????, ????????? ?? ???? ???????? ? ?????? ???????????????? ?????, ??? ???????? «?? ????? ? ?????????».

???????? ?????? ? ?????? ? ??????. ?????????? ? ?????? ? ?????????????. ???????? ??????????? ??????, ?????????? ?????? ?????????????.

???????? ? ?????????? ?????????? ????? ? ??????????????? ???????????. ???????? ? ??????????? ? ?????? ???????????? ???????????? ?????? ???????????.

???????? ? ??????????? ? ??????? ??????.

???????? ? ??????? ?????

???????? ??????????? ??????? ????????? ????????????? ? ?? ??????? ??????????.

??????? ????????????????? ?????.

???????? ????????.

???????? ?????????? ????????.

???????? ? ?????????? ?????????? ????? ? ??????????????? ???????????.

??????????? ??????????????? ???????? ???????????? ? ???????????? ?????????????.

???????? ?????? ? ?????? ? ??????. ????? ??????????? ?? ???????? ????????.

????????????? ??????

???????? ???????? ???????.

????????? ??????????? ??????????.

???????? ?? ??????? ?????????? ? ????????????? ??????.

????????? ?????????????? ? ????????? ?????????.

?????????? ???????????? ?????. ??????? ??????????????? ?????.

???????? ????????? ????? ? ?????? ????? ?????.

???????? ????????.

???????? ?????????? ????????.

???????? ???????????? ??? ?? 16-? ??????.

???????? ? ?????????? ?????????? ????? ? ??????????????? ??????????? (??? ?????????? ????? ? ????).

??????????? ???????? ?????????? ?? ???????? ? ???????????? ????? ?? ?????? ? ???????.

??????????? ??????????????? ???????? ???????????? ? ???????????? ?????????????.

??? ??????? ? ?????:

??????? ???????? ??????? ????? (??????);

????????????? ????? ?????? ????? ??????????? ????;

??????? ???? ? ???????????? ?????? ? ????? ?????? ????? ? ??????????? ???.

?????????? ??????? ? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???????, ???????????? ?? ????? ????? ? ???????????? ?? ?????????? ??????????? ?? ????????.

????????? ? ?????????? ?? ?????? ? ??????? ????????? ??????, ??????????? ? ?????? ?????.

????????????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ????? (??????)

3.6 ??????????? ??????????? ?????? ??? ???????? ? ?????????? ????????

??? ???????? ? ?????????? ???????? ?????? ???????????:

?????? ??????????? ???????? ?? ??????? ? ??????????? ?? ????? ?????????? ????????? ?????? (? ?????? ????????????? ??????? ????? ???????? ?? ???? ???????? ?????????);

?????? ??????????? ????? ? ?????? ???????, ????????? ??? ?? ????????, ????????????? ?????????? ???????????? ????? ?????????????? ? ????? ?????????????? ??????????? ? ??????????? ?????????? ??????; ??? ????????????? ???????? ? ???????????? ??????????? ?????,

? ??????????? ????????? ????????????? ???????? ???????, ?????????????? ??????? ??????????? ? ???????????? ???? ??????? ?? ?????????????? ???????? ?????????? ????????? ????????, ??????? ????? ?? ??????????? ?? ??????? ???????? ?? ??????. ??????? ????????? ???????? ? ??????? ????????? ????????? ? ??????????????? ??????? ????????? ????????????. ??????? ????????, ??? ??? ??????? ???????? ?????????????? ?????????? ????????? ???????? ? ????????????? ??? ????????, ??????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??????????? ? ?????????? ??????????????? ???????????? ???????????.

???????????? ??????? ???????, ?????????????, ?? ?????????? ? ???????? ?????, ? ????? ?? ??????? ????????. ??? ???????? ? ??????? ?? ??????????? ????????? ??????????? ??????????, ? ??? ????? ? ? ??????? ??????? ???, ?????????? ?? ??????? ?????????. ?????? ? ???????????? ???????????? ??????, ??????????? ??????????? ?????????? ?????????????? ????? ????? (?????????? ?????????, ??????????? ???????? ? ?.?.), ??????????? ????????? ?????? ???? ? ??????????? ????? ???? ??? ????? ?????, ?????????????? ??????? ? ????????? ?? ?????????.

?????? ??????? ???????? ????????? ????? ????? (???????????, ??????????, ???, ???????????? ???????), ????????? ???????, ????????????? ?? ???????????????. ? ????? ??????? ???????? ????????? ????????? ???? ? ???, ??????? ??????????? ?????????? ? ?? ?????????? ? ????????????? ??????????.

???????? ????????????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ?????, ????????? ?? ????????? ?????????.

???????? ? ???????? ? ?????????? ????????, ????????? ???????? ?????? ??????? (? ???????? ?????? ?????? ?????????):

???? ?? ?????? ??????? ????????;

?????????? ? ????? ???????? ?? ?????? ??????? ? ????? ???;

????????? ??? ???????? ????????? ? ???????? ?? ?????? ??????? ? ?????? ??????????????;

??????? ???????????? ???????;

???????? ??????????? ???????? ? ?????????, ?????? ????????????? ??????????;

?????????? ?????????? ?? ??? ????????? ? ?????? ??????????? ? ??????? ??????;

?????????? ???????, ??? ??????????? ?????????? ????? ??????????;

????? ????????? ?????????? ?? ?????.

??????? ????? ? ????, ??? ??????????? ??????????? ??????? ????? ?????????? ?? ?????? ? ???????? ???.

? ??????????? ????????? ????????????? ???????? ???????, ?????????????? ???????? ?????????? ????????? ????????, ??????? ????? ?? ??????????? ?? ??????? ???????? ?? ??????.

??????? ????????? ???????? ? ??????? ????????? ????????? ? ??????????????? ??????? ????????? ????????????. ??????? ????????, ??? ??? ??????? ???????? ?? ???????????? ?????????? ????????? ???????? ? ????????????? ???? ????????, ??????? ?? ?????? ???????? ??????????? ? ?????????? ???????????????.

???????? ??? ??????? ? ????? ? ?????? ?? ????

??????? ? ????? ? ???????? ????????? ?????? ????, ??? ???????? ???????? ?? ??????????? ????????? ????????, ????? ??? ? ????????????? ???????????. ?????? ? ???? ??????? ????????? ??????? ???. ??? ???????, ?? ???????? ? ?????? ? ?????? ????????? ??????? ????? ???????????? ??????? ?????????? ???????? ?????.

???????? ? ???????? ????? ?????????????? ???????? ?? ?????-72 ??????? ???????, ??????? ??????? ??????????????? ???????. ??? ??????????? ? ?????????? ?????? ?????????? ????????? ??????????? ???????????? ??? ????????????? ??????.

?? ???????? ? ????? ???????? ????????? ??????? ?? ?????, ?????????? ? ?????????????? ? ????????? ????????? ?????. ? ?????? ????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ?????????? ?? ????????? ?????, ??????????? ??????? ?? ????.

??? ??????? ? ????? ??????-????? ??????? ??????? ??????????????? ???????? ?? ?????? ??? ???????? ??? ????????????? ???????.

???????? ? ??????? ?????????? ???????? ?????

??? ???????? ? ???????? ?????????? ???????? ????? ??????? ????????? ????????? ?????????? ????????? ??????????? ???????.

? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????????? ??? ??? ????????????.

???? ??? ???????? ? ??????? ?????????? ???????? ?????? ?????, ?? ?????? ??????, ??????? ?? ?? ????? ???????, ?????????? ????????????? ????? ?????? ????? ?, ???? ???? ??? ????????????, ????????? ?????? ? ?????????? ?????????????.

? ?????? ????????? ?????? ?????????? ????????????? ??????????? ??????? ? ????? ? ???????? ?????.

??????????

? ?????? ???????? ?????? ???????????? ????????????? ?????????? ????? ???????. ?? ??????????? ??????????? ?????? ????? ??????? ????????? ??????.

????????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ??? ? ????????????? ???????, ??? ? ?? ??????? ??????????? ???????????? ???????? ? ????????? ?????. ??? ?????? ???????? ??? ?????????? ?????? ????????????? ???? ? ???? ????????????? ?????????? ?? ????????. ?????????? ??????????? ? ??????????? ?????????????? ????? ??? ???????? ? ???????, ??????? ? ????????????? ?????????. ?? ??????????? ???? ???????? ????????? ???????????? ? ???????????? ?????????? ??? ???????? ?? ???? ????????.

??????????

1.??????? ?.?. ?????????? ???????? ???????? ???????? / ?.?.???????; ??? ???. ?.?.?????????. - ?.: ?????????, 1988. - 246 ?.

2.????????? ?.?. ???????????? ?? ?????????? ???? ? ??????? / ?.?. ?????????, ?.?.??????. - ??????: ????, 2001. - 36 ?.

.???????? ?.?. ??? ?????? ????? ???????????? ? ?????? ?????? ? ???????? ???? / ?.?.????????. - ?.: ???????????????, 1980. - 85 ?.

.???????????? ?? ??????????? ??????????? ?????? ?? ??????? ????? ??????? (????-98). - ??????: ???????, 1998. - 111 ?.

.????????? ?.?. ???????????? ? ?????????? ??????? / ?.?. ?????????. - ?.: ?????????, 1980. - 128 ?.

.?????????? ?????? / ??? ???. ?.?.????????. - ?.:?????????, 1991. - 359 ?.

.???????? ????? ??????? ???? ? ?????????? ?????? ?????. - ?.: ????? ?? ????, 1985. - 84 ?.

.?????? ?.?. ?????????????????????? ??????? ? ???????????? / ?.?. ??????. - ?.: ?????????, 1975. - 248 ?.

.?????? ?.?. «???????????? ?? ?????????? ?????????? ?????». ?.: ?????????, 1980, 183?.

.??????? ??????? Admiralty publications

Содержание Введение .Характеристика судна. .1 Общие сведения. .2 Навигационное оборудование. Подготовка технических средств навигации. .3 Хар

Больше работ по теме: